BACKGROUND The decision to start long-term tube-feeding in elderly people is complex. The process by which such decisions are made is not well understood. The authors examined the factors involved in the decision to start long-term tube-feeding in cognitively impaired older people from the perspective of the substitute decision-maker. METHODS A telephone survey was administered to the substit...

OBJECTIVE To create an ideal temporary skin substitute. METHODS Temporary skin substitute (Biobrane, AWBAT and AWBAT Plus) porosity, 3D matrix, and biochemical composition were evaluated for impact on healing wounds (pain, fluid accumulation, infection, and time to heal). Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley [H1a: (SD) CVF] rats were used to measure the histology of healed full-thickness wounds. Tissue...

Substitute valuations (in some contexts called gross substitute valuations) are prominent in combinatorial auction theory. An algorithm is given in this paper for generating a substitute valuation through Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, the geometry of the set of all substitute valuations for a fixed number of goods K is investigated. The set consists of a union of polyhedrons, and the max...

As the third most plentiful biopolymer after other lignocellulosic derivates such as cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin carries abundant potential a substitute for petroleum-based products. However, efficient, practical, value-added product valorization of remains quite challenging. Although several studies have reviewed by microorganisms, this present review covers recent on employing yeast t...