Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is a key factor in understanding bacterial influence on carbon flow in aquatic ecosystems. We report intra annual variability in BGE, and bacteria mediated carbon flow in the tropical Mandovi and Zuari estuaries (southwest India) and the adjoining coastal waters (Arabian Sea). BGE ranged from 3 to 61% and showed clear temporal variability with significantly (AN...

Despite the importance of carnivores in terrestrial ecosystems, many nations have implemented well-coordinated, state-funded initiatives to remove predators, largely because of conflicts with humans over livestock. Although these control efforts have been successful in terms of the number of carnivores removed, their effects on the viability of the industries they seek to protect are less under...

BACKGROUND Subsidized antiretroviral therapy programs obviously lowers the cost of antiretroviral drugs but other major costs are still incurred, which makes the overall cost of accessing and consuming antiretroviral treatment very high and sometimes catastrophic. The objective of this study was to estimate the total cost to rural ambulating HIV/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral the...

What should be the role of a public development bank (PDB)? Which projects/firms PDB target? can theory say about types loans and ways delivering them that PDBs around world use? We analyze these questions in context model where screening is costly to banks. Underprovision credit results from inability banks (i) appropriate full benefits projects they finance, more pronounced for high value pro...