this paper is an attempt to fill all of previous literature of coccinellidae records and species distribution in different provinces of iran. distribution was extracted for each species from literatures. there are 6 subfamilies, 16 tribes, 32 genus and 117 species in iran. the largest subfamily, tribe and genus in iran were scymninae, scymnini and scymnus, respectively. the most distribution wa...

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a class of transcription factors found throughout eukaryotic organisms. Classification of the complete sets of bHLH proteins in the sequenced genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice) has defined the diversity of these proteins among flowering plants. However, the evolutionary relationships of different plant bHLH groups and the diversity...

Desaturase genes are essential for biological processes, including lipid metabolism, cell signaling, and membrane fluidity regulation. Insect desaturases are particularly interesting for their role in chemical communication, and potential contribution to speciation, symbioses, and sociality. Here, we describe the acyl-CoA desaturase gene families of 15 insects, with a focus on social Hymenopter...

The patterns of sperm formation in sternorrhynchous jumping plant-lice are reviewed. To date information is available for 143 species belonging to 54 genera, 17 subfamilies and seven of the eight psylloid families (only Phacopteronidae is not represented). For the majority of the taxa (116 species, 39 genera, 10 subfamilies and the families Calophyidae, Carsidaridae and Liviidae) the data prese...

Histone modifications, such as methylation and demethylation, are crucial mechanisms altering chromatin structure and gene expression. Recent biochemical and molecular studies have uncovered a group of histone demethylases called Jumonji C (JmjC) domain proteins. However, their evolutionary history and patterns have not been examined systematically. Here, we report extensive analyses of eukaryo...

The Rhs elements are complex genetic composites widely spread among Escherichia coli isolates. One of their components, a 3.7-kb, GC-rich core, maintains a single open reading frame that extends the full length of the core and then 400 to 600 bp beyond into an AT-rich region. Whereas Rhs cores are homologous, core extensions from different elements are dissimilar. Two new Rhs elements from stra...

SVA is a composite repetitive element named after its main components, SINE, VNTR and Alu. We have identified 2762 SVA elements from the human genome draft sequence. Genomic distribution analysis indicates that the SVA elements are enriched in G+C-rich regions but have no preferences for inter- or intragenic regions. A phylogenetic analysis of the elements resulted in the recovery of six subfam...

Major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) facilitate the passive transport of small polar molecules across membranes. MIPs constitute a very old family of proteins and different forms have been found in all kinds of living organisms, including bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. In the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis, we have identified 35 different MIP-encoding genes. Based on sequence similarity, the...

For many years, the ant subfamily Ponerinae was hypothesized to contain the basal (early branching) lineages of ants. Recently the Ponerinae were reclassified into six poneromorph subfamilies based on morphological analysis. We evaluate this new poneromorph classification using 1240 base pairs of DNA sequence data obtained from 28S rRNA gene sequences of 68 terminal taxa. The molecular tree sup...

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are transmembrane tetramers of individual alpha-subunits. Eight different Shaker-related Kv subfamilies have been identified in which the tetramerization domain T1, located on the intracellular N terminus, facilitates and controls the assembly of both homo- and heterotetrameric channels. Only the Kv2 alpha-subunits are able to form heterotetramers with memb...