BACKGROUND: Transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is strongly associated with use of contaminated blood products and injection drugs. Other “non-parental” modes of transmission including sexual activity have been increasingly recognized. We examined risk factors for acquiring HCV in patients who were referred to two tertiary care centers and enrolled in an antiviral therapy protocol. METHODS:...

BACKGROUND Reports of inappropriate medication use are widespread. There is a growing literature detailing abuse of drugs not typically thought to have high abuse liability. Melatonin is considered to be generally safe and is categorized by the Food and Drug Administration as a nutritional supplement. There are no known reports of intravenous melatonin abuse in the medical literature. CASE PR...

The problem of drug abuse among adolescents in Ireland is a serious and a growing one, according to the reports of the Government Working Party (1971) and of a Churches Working Party on the abuse of drugs (1972). About 1966 the first indications of this new Irish problem were seen in raids on chemists’ shops and various stores of the old Dublin Health Authority pharmacies. At the same time Wals...

This research explores the correlation between ‘walkability’ and the ‘sense of place’ in Tehran’s streets, particularly streets leading to the Imam Khomeini square (Maidan-e Tup-khana) at the heart of historic downtown. The goal is to evaluate the walkability through a measurable method in order to prioritize strategies to enhance various aspects of the historic districts. After reviewing the e...

Nitazenes are a group of compounds developed in the 1950s as opioid analgesics, but they were never approved to market. As such, not well known outside academic research laboratories. A characteristic nitazenes is their high potency (e.g., hundreds thousands fold more potent than morphine and other opioids tenfold fentanyl). In past few years, several nitazenes, including “designer analogs,” ha...

BACKGROUND Street-level policing has been recognized as a driver of health-related harms among people who inject drugs (IDU). However, the extent of interaction between police and street-involved youth has not been well characterized. We examined the incidence and risk factors for police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting. METHODS Using data derived from particip...

Children are the next generation who inherit ideals of nation's struggle which have an important role in continuation existence nation and state future. Thisstudy aims to find out (1) The Worship Consciousness Street Subconscious Sufism. (2) Efforts Sufism fostering self-awareness street children carrying worship. (3) Implications formation on consciousness subconscious This research is a quali...