Tissues of multicellular organisms consist of stem cells and differentiated cells. Stem cells divide to produce new stem cells or differentiated cells. Differentiated cells divide to produce new differentiated cells. We show that such a tissue design can reduce the rate of fixation of mutations that increase the net proliferation rate of cells. It has, however, no consequence for the rate of fi...

due to the probabilistic nature and uncertainties of structural parameters, reliability-based optimization will enable engineers to account for the safety of the structures and allow for its decision making applicability. thus, reliability-based design will substitute deterministic rules of codes of practice. space structures are of those types that have an exceedingly high range of applicabili...

Bounding the inefficiency of selfish routing has become an emerging research subject. A central result obtained in the literature is that the inefficiency of deterministic User Equilibrium (UE) is bounded and the bound is independent of network topology. This paper makes a contribution to the literature by bounding the inefficiency of the logit-based Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE). In a stoc...

Evolutionary multiobjective algorithms have been a successful stochastic tool for engineering global optimum design since the final nineties. In a context of conflicting objectives where improving one of them implies the worsening of others, evolutionary multiobjective algorithms allow to obtain in one single run a set of non-dominated solutions in the sense of Pareto criterion. Among their fie...

In this paper we present a cycle-cutset driven stochastic local search algorithm which approximates the optimum of sums of unary and binary potentials, called Stochastic Tree Local Search or STLS. We study empirically two pure variants of STLS against the state-of-the art GLS scheme and against a hybrid.

in this paper we have utilized optimum control procedures to derive an optimum monetary rule for iran’s economy ; assuming the policy makers are using the interest rate as a policy variable. in doing so a dynamic stochastic model with rational expectation was setup. the model is calibrated with the use of previous findings in the literature. the results show that the optimum reacrion of the pol...