Photoreceptor cell axons (R axons) innervate optic ganglia in the Drosophila brain through the tubular optic stalk. This structure consists of surface glia (SG) and forms independently of R axon projection. In a screen for genes involved in optic stalk formation, we identified Fak56D encoding a Drosophila homolog of mammalian focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is a main component of the focal adh...

Kinesin is a dimeric motor with twin catalytic heads joined to a common stalk. Kinesin molecules move processively along microtubules in a hand-over-hand walk, with the two heads advancing alternately. Recombinant kinesin constructs with short stalks have been found to "limp", i.e., exhibit alternation in the dwell times of successive steps. Limping behavior implies that the molecular rearrange...

Melanotrophs of the rat pars intermedia are innervated by dopaminergic fibers traveling through the pituitary stalk which inhibit secretion via an action on D-2 receptors. As secretion from the melanotroph has been shown to be calcium (Ca2+) dependent, it is possible that dopamine may have an action to inhibit Ca2+ currents in these cells. This possibility was tested by examining the effects of...

colonoscopy, in which a pedunculated polyp, 4 cm × 2.8 cm in size with a 2.5-cm wide flat stalk, was identified in the sigmoid colon (●" Fig. 1). For the safe and complete resection of the polyp, prophylactic endoclips (Hx-600–135; Olympus, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan) were applied to both sides of the stalk but appeared to be ineffective (●" Fig. 2). We then applied a detachable endoloop (MAJ-2...

Plant spacing and nitrogen are the most important factors for increasing tuberose quality and quantity. In this study, field experiment carried out as factorial Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) in 3 replications. Different levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kg/ha) of ammonium nitrate was used. Second factor was different plant spaces (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm). Results showed th...

The variation on neuraminidase (NA) stalk region of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus results in virulence change in animals. In our previous studies, the special NA stalk-motif of H5N1 viruses has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the high virulence and pathogenicity in chickens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of viruses with different N...

Eukaryotic cells contain an unusually large cytoplasmic pool of P1/P2 phosphoproteins, which form the highly flexible 60S subunit stalk that is required to interact with and activate soluble translation factors. In cells, cytoplasmic P1/P2 proteins are exchanged for ribosome-bound proteins in a process that can modulate ribosome function and translation. Here, we analysed different S. cerevisia...

Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the stalk region of influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) are effective in blocking virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. The highly conserved epitopes recognized by these antibodies are critical for the membrane fusion function of HA and therefore less likely to be permissive for virus mutational escape. Here we report three resistant viruses...

The microcrystalline cellulose is an important ingredient in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries. In this study, the microcrystalline cellulose, obtained from the stalk of Sorghum caudatum was evaluated for its physical and tableting characteristics with a view to assessing its usefulness in pharmaceutical tableting. The microcrystalline cellulose, obtained from the stalk of Sor...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) cause devastating losses in gallinaceous poultry world-wide and raised concerns of a novel pandemic. HPAIV develop from low-pathogenic precursors by acquisition of a polybasic HA cleavage site (HACS), the prime virulence determinant. Beside that HACS, other adaptive changes accumulate in those precursors prior to transformation into an HPAIV. He...