Abstract Although UN peace operations began with unarmed observer missions in 1948–1949, the first armed force—the Emergency Force ( UNEF )—was deployed 1956 due to Suez crisis. Scholars and practitioners have since interpreted Secretariat’s 1958 study of that experience, called Summary Study , as a foundational text history peacekeeping because it supposedly codified key principles impartialit...

There are non–vanishing price responses across different stocks in correlated financial markets. We further study this issue by performing different averages, which identify active and passive cross– responses. The two average cross–responses show different characteristic dependences on the time lag. The passive cross–response exhibits a shorter response period with sizeable volatilities, while...

A new approach is presented for determining the rigid regions in proteins and the flexible joints between them. The short-range forces in proteins are modeled as constraints and we use a recently developed formalism from graph theory to analyze flexibility in the bond network. Forces included in the analysis are the covalent bond-stretching and bond-bending forces, salt bridges, and hydrogen bo...

The mastery of two languages provides bilingual speakers with cognitive benefits over monolinguals, particularly on cognitive flexibility and selective attention. However, extant research is limited to comparisons between monolinguals and bilinguals at a single point in time. This study investigated whether growth in bilingual proficiency, as shown by an increased number of translation equivale...

I have just returned from NEHA’s 78th Annual Educational Conference (AEC) & Exhibition in Las Vegas, Nevada. This was one of our most successful AECs with over 1,000 attendees. The AEC’s President’s Banquet was attended by one of the largest crowds in recent memory. Additional tables were needed to seat everyone. The excitement of the crowd was amplifi ed by members of NEHA and the Internationa...

The abilities to either flexibly adjust behavior according to changing demands (cognitive flexibility) or to maintain it in the face of potential distractors (cognitive stability) are critical for adaptive behavior in many situations. Recently, a novel human paradigm has found individual differences of cognitive flexibility and stability to be related to common prefrontal networks. The aims of ...