Correspondence: [email protected] Department of Bioengineering, Department of Neurosciences, and Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92037-0412, United States Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract Understanding how local interactions among connected nodes in a network res...

In Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), mobile devices are equipped with power (energy). In order to utilize this energy equipped devices efficiently for transmission of data packets, many energy aware routing strategies are followed. Effective transmission power control is a critical issue in the design and performance of wireless ad hoc networks. Transmission Power affects the Survivability of th...

This paper proposed a routing protocol named adaptive Zone Routing Protocol (NSAZRP) that is more stable and has achieved better routing performance than ZRP in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks by taking into consideration that nodes are mobile with a non-uniform speed. NSAZRP allows different nodes to choose different zone radius according to each node’s discrete mobility. NSAZRP modifies the ZRP and sp...

Global connectivity to Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is necessary to access the Internet services from the MANET. Nodes in a MANET that connect it to the Internet are called Internet gateways. Internet gateways need to be discovered and selected in an appropriate way to deliver more packets to the Internet and reduce end-to-end delay. Currently, there are proactive, reactive, and hybrid schemes...

the arc costs are assumed to be online parameters of the network and decisions should be made while the costs of arcs are not known. the policies determine the permitted nodes and arcs to traverse and they are generally defined according to the departure nodes of the current policy nodes. in on-line created tours arc costs are not available for decision makers. the on-line traversed nodes are f...

in this study with the inspirations from both neuroscience and computer science, a combinatorial framework for object recognition was proposed having benefited from the advantages of both biologically-inspired hmax_s architecture model for feature extraction and extreme learning machine (elm) as a classifier. hmax model is a feed-forward hierarchical structure resembling the ventral pathway in ...

background: axillary nodal spread is an established prognostic factor in breast cancer. axillary nodal dissection and subsequent pathological examination is considered the gold standard technique of assessing the axilla for metastatic disease. a minimum of ten level i axillary nodes are required to be examined before an axillary specimen can be reliably labeled as disease free. this recommendat...

background: the impact of positive intramammary lymph node (im ln) on the prognosis of patients with breast cancer has been debated for years; likewise, the standard management of patients with positive im ln remains unclear, especially when it is identified by preoperative imaging or by sentinel lymph node biopsy. the present study aims at reviewing the level of concurrent involvement of im ln...

Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the most common fatal cancer among women worldwide and it has an increasing rate in Iranian women. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of gravidity with removed lymph nodes and involved lymph nodes after mastectomy surgery in women with breast cancer. Methods: In this ...

cooperation is the foundation of many protocols in wireless networks. without cooperation, the performance of a network significantly decreases. hence, all nodes in traditional networks are required to cooperate with each other. in this paper, instead of traditional networks, a network of rational and autonomous nodes is considered, which means that each node itself can decide whether to cooper...