human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-1) is an endemic virus in iran and other regions that is associated with multiple diseases including adult t-cell leukemia/ lymphoma and a chronic debilitating neuroinflammatory disease, htlv-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (ham/tsp). ham/tsp is seen in approximately 2% of htlv-1-infected people with symptoms such as back pain, weakne...

anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor (nmda-r) encephalitis is a new autoimmune disorder, often paraneoplastic in nature, presenting with complex neuropsychiatric symptoms. diagnosed serologically, this disorder is often responsive to immunosuppressant treatment. we here in report the case of a 56-year-old man with anti nmda-r encephalitis presenting initially with disorientation and hallucination...

PURPOSE To assess communication skills in children with spastic diplegia. METHODS The study included 20 subjects, 10 preschool children with spastic diplegia and 10 typical matched according to gender, mental age, and socioeconomic status. Assessment procedures were the following: interviews with parents, Stanford - Binet method, Gross Motor Function Classification System, Observing the Commu...

OBJECTIVE To use an established biomechanical approach to quantify reflex and non-reflex responses from spastic-paretic elbow flexors in response to controlled cold and heat stimulation. METHODS Thirteen spastic-hemiplegic stroke subjects were tested in the experiment. The spastic elbow joint was stretched into extension for 50° at two speeds (5°/s and 100°/s) in a customized apparatus. Therm...

OBJECTIVE To investigate intrinsic viscoelastic changes using shear wave velocities (SWVs) of spastic lower extremity muscles in patients with early spinal cord injury (SCI) via acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging and to evaluate correlation between the SWV values and spasticity. METHODS Eighteen patients with SCI within 3 months and 10 healthy adults participated. We applied the ...