Retrograde signals from chloroplasts are thought to control the expression of nuclear genes associated with plastidial processes such as acclimation to varying light conditions. Arabidopsis mutants altered in the day and night path of photoassimilate export from the chloroplasts served as tools to study the involvement of carbohydrates in high light (HL) acclimation. A double mutant impaired in...

Carbohydrates play a key role in apple fruit growth and development. are needed for cell division/expansion, regulate fruitlet abscission, influence maturation quality. Current methods to quantify carbohydrates labor intensive expensive. We quantified throughout growing season two cultivars evaluated the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) predict carbohydrate content changes were with high...

Flower opening is associated with the expansion of petal cells. To understand role played by soluble carbohydrates during cell growth, changes in carbohydrate concentrations limbs flower Phlox drummondii were investigated. The size adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells gradually increased opening. 2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol (2-C-ME) was identified using 1H-NMR P. petals. 2-C-ME most abundant at five...

Unusual protein-like, partially reversible associative behaviour has recently been observed in solutions of the water soluble carbohydrates known as 6-deoxy-6-(ω-aminoalkyl)aminocelluloses, which produce controllable self-assembling films for enzyme immobilisation and other biotechnological applications. Now, for the first time, we have found a fully reversible self-association (tetramerisation...

The levels of lipids, carbohydrates and enzymes concerned with their breakdown were determined in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds during an 8-days period of germination. Alkaline lipase and isocitrate lyase activities were at peak level when the lipid mobilization was highest. The content of total soluble carbohydrates, reducing and nonreducing sugars, increased during the initial 5-days peri...

The gastrointestinal tract of the average 1000 pound horse has a capacity of 120-200 liters. The transit time of ingesta through the system is rapid, with liquid leaving the stomach in about 30 minutes and entering the cecum in 2 hours. Liquid may then be retained in the cecum and large colon for a few days. Particulate matter passes at a slower rate than liquid. The equine stomach is small in ...

Macroalgae commonly found in the ocean around Hawaii were collected from near shore locations and their potential as biomass feedstock for fermentative ethanol was investigated. A green alga, Ulva reticulata, was selected for further analysis. This species forms large complex structures that grow quickly and has high dry biomass percentage (20%), soluble carbohydrates (18%); and high total carb...

Expressing the energy content of food as the heat energy released by its combustion is potentially misleading. Food is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The free energy of conversion of ATP into adenosine diphosphate is used directly for processes such as muscular contraction, without the need for intermediate heat production. The number of ATP molecules produced depends on the task...

Soluble sugars, especially sucrose, glucose, and fructose, play an obviously central role in plant structure and metabolism at the cellular and whole-organism levels. They are involved in the responses to a number of stresses, and they act as nutrient and metabolite signalling molecules that activate specific or hormone-crosstalk transduction pathways, thus resulting in important modifications ...