The ability of bacteria to evolve resistance to antibiotics has been much reported in recent years. It is less well-known that within populations of bacteria there are cells which are resistant due to a non-inherited phenotypic switch to a slow-growing state. Although such 'persister' cells are receiving increasing attention, the evolutionary forces involved have been relatively ignored. Persis...

In this commentary we suggest that Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) parasite-stress theory of social behaviors and attitudes can be extended to mating behaviors and preferences. We discuss evidence from prior correlational and experimental studies that support this claim. We also reanalyze data from two of those studies using F&T's new parasite stress measures.

BACKGROUND This paper presents the research protocol of the GoveRnance for Equity, EnviroNment and Health in the City (GREENH-City) project funded by the National Institute for Cancer (Subvention N°2017-003-INCA). In France, health inequities have tended to increase since the late 1980s. Numerous studies show the influence of social, economic, geographic and political determinants on health ine...

Historians, particularly in Canada, have yet to make a significant contribution to the study o f contemporary social movements. State funding, ideological conflict, and demographic change had a critical impact on social movements in Canada in the 1960s and 1970s, as this case study o f the Ligue des droits de l’homme (Montreal) shows. These developments distinguished the first (1930s-1950s) fro...

The punishment of social misconduct is a powerful mechanism for stabilizing high levels of cooperation among unrelated individuals. It is regularly assumed that humans have a universal disposition to punish social norm violators, which is sometimes labelled "universal structure of human morality" or "pure aversion to social betrayal". Here we present evidence that, contrary to this hypothesis, ...

We review the methods typically used to assess the effects of mode on measurement and data comparability and then discuss some of the challenges, including 1) the need to avoid confounding effects, 2) the sensitivity of conclusions to methods of analysing experimental mode comparison data, 3) the difficulty of assessing whether measurement differences matter in practice, and 4) the assessment o...

Globalization is one of the characteristics that define the beginning of the 21st century. Yet, there is no single agreed definition of what it is, and there are widely divergent views of what it means in terms of its economic and social repercussions, including its impact on health. What is clear is that it is a multidimensional process encompassing economic, social, cultural, political, and t...