Sensor networks are formed with the help of a large number of wireless nodes, generally with limited energy, computation and transmission powers. Each node helps every other node in the network by forwarding their packets. All is well if such an altruistic attitude is upheld by all participating nodes. However, as these nodes often operate in a physically insecure environment, they are vulnerab...

Recently,Wireless SensorNetworks (WSNs) have been deployed into a variety of applications including homeland security, military systems, and health care. Sensor nodes deployed in such networks are subject to several attacks such as sinkhole and select forwarding, wormhole, Hello flood, and replication attacks. Therefore, developing secure and energy-efficient routing protocols to protect WSNs a...

A wireless sensor network consists of many sensor nodes which are deployed to monitor physical or environmental conditions and to pass the collected data to a base station. Though wireless sensor network is subjected to have major applications in all the areas, it also has many security threats and attacks. Among all threats such as sinkhole, wormhole, selective forwarding, denial of service an...

Sinkholes in dolomitic areas are notoriously difficult geophysical targets, and selecting an appropriate geophysical solution is not straightforward. Electrical resistivity imaging, or tomography (RESTOM) is well suited to mapping sinkholes because of the ability of the technique for detecting resistive features and discriminating subtle resistivity variations. RESTOM surveys were conducted at ...

---Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in many areas, like in military operations and monitoring applications. Their wireless nature makes them very attractive to attackers, so its security system plays a vital role. Due to the limitations on resources, such as energy and storage, the security mechanism of WSNs have to be considered differently from traditional networks. Over the pa...

The minimization of power in wireless sensor network is big issue. If the process of energy constraints is optimized increase the reliability and security of mobile ADHOC network. The management of ADHOC network is great challenge due to dynamic infrastructure and mobility of node. Due to mobility of node routing path of network and security of communication suffered. In the process of node mob...

Karst landscape overview THE 52,830 ACRES OF MAMMOTH CAVE NATIONAL PARK are part of the South-Central Kentucky Karst, which is characterized by subterranean drainage to springs on major rivers. From the southeast to the northwest portion of the landscape (Figure 1), there is a gradient of decreasing maturity in karst development, which corresponds to the regional dip of the bedrock. The major c...