A substantial drop in atmospheric visibility or visual range (VR) is documented several parts of the world. We examined long-term spatiotemporal variability ground-based VR data for ten airports Pakistan from 1980 to 2020. Average time series analysis was performed using nonparametric tests Mann–Kendall (MK), Modified (MMK), Sen’s Slope (SS), and Sequential (SMK), followed by mapping. Bad (<...

During the last decade, abundance of wind, solar, and conventional energy sources have been widely utilized in Sindh, Pakistan, to meet demand-supply gap country. Some these projects approved, are under constructional operational phases connected National grid successfully. However, being influenced by several constraints, which keep project developmental away from their technological upgradati...

BACKGROUND Protein-energy malnutrition remains an important underlying cause of death among preschool children in Pakistan. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of stunting and its correlates and to explore the role of sex bias in remote rural villages of south Pakistan. METHODS We selected 1878 children less than 3 years of age through stratified random sampling from 64 village...

Objective The objective of this study was to assess and determine the risk factors and treatment of dry eye disease in type 1 diabetes before any ocular surface or corneal complication occurs. This study was conducted at Sindh Institute of Ophthalmology And Visual Sciences, Hyderabad, Pakistan. Methodology Subjects and methods for observational study were undertaken at the Department of Ophth...

BACKGROUND Understanding cost-drivers and estimating societal costs are important challenges for economic evaluation of health technologies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study assessed community experiences of health resource usage and perceived cost-drivers from a societal perspective to inform the design of an economic model for the Community Level Interventions for Pre-ec...