Râfıza isminin Şiî düşünce ve İmâmiyye ile iltisâkını araştıran bu makalede, söz konusu ismin türediği rafz kelimesinin içerdiği “reddetme”, “terk etme” “ayrılma” anlamlarının Şiâ uyumuna işaret edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, kendilerine muhaliflerince verilen kaynağına dair rivayetlerden hareketle genel özel olarak iki farklı anlam içerdiği: anlamda Hz. Peygamber’den sonra imâmeti nas tayine dayan...

In this research, I tried to follow the journey of pre -Islamic poets, by reading examples their poems, and revealed controversies conflicting life in human self, conflict reflected a scene scenes between death, poets embodied principle survival strongest, while The parties are all trying defend survival, as well desire prove strength permanence.

Class of 2008 Political Science The author examines visual and rhetorical strategies used by Iraqi and non-Iraqi groups in recruiting voters for the January 2005 legislative and presidential elections. Case studies include the USAID, various Shiite clergy groups, and Future Iraq Assembly, which is a non-governmental organization of activists, businesspeople, and academicians. Religious appeals ...

In the Kazakh and world literature an important place is occupied by the work of poets, whose works are imbued with religious and educational ideas. Their work is one of the main directions in the history of the formation and development of Kazakh literature. Works of religious content teach humanity and morality through the concepts of religion. The article is devoted to the study religious an...

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to show the practical applications of theoretical evaluation measures designed to capture the degree of creativity of a program, and to use the results to evaluate an effort to develop an automatic Spanish poet. Existing efforts for the development of automatic poets are described, and the implications of their particular architectures to the evaluation iss...

To us, who have lived our entire lives in a culture saturated with print, it seems obvious that the survival of a verbal artifact for any length of time would be impossible without material texts. To a writer, getting published is the necessary first step toward a potentially limitless Nachleben. The fact that, ceteris paribus, a new book is more likely to be pulped within a few years than to s...