Services are subject to constant change and variation. Services can evolve typically due to changes in structure, e.g., attributes and operations; in behavior and policies, e.g., adding new business rules and regulations, in types of business-related events; and in business protocols. This paper introduces two types of service changes: shallow changes where changes are confined to services or t...

This paper describes Pro3Gres, a fast, robust, broad-coverage parser that delivers deep-linguistic grammatical relation structures as output, which are closer to predicate-argument structures and more informative than pure constituency structures. The parser stays as shallow as is possible for each task, combining shallow and deep-linguistic methods by integrating chunking and by expressing the...

This report describes the experiments of the University of Edinburgh and the University of Sydney at the TREC-2004 question answering evaluation exercise. Our system combines two approaches: one with deep linguistic analysis using IR on the AQUAINT corpus applied to answer extraction from text passages, and one with a shallow linguistic analysis and shallow inference applied to a large set of s...

Dialogue utterances are rarely sentences and are often fragmentary. This paper discusses some of the implicit assumptions made by shallow and deep processing approaches, and advocates a new approach which keeps the robustness of shallow or keyword-based approaches, whilst retaining the generality and formal nature of a full semantics.

Reliable seismic depth migrations require an accurate input velocity model. Inaccurate velocity estimates will distort point diffractors into smiles or frowns on a depth section. For both poststack and prestack migrated sections, high velocities cause deep smiles while low velocities cause shallow frowns on migrated gathers. However, for prestack images in the offset domain, high velocities cau...

Experimental evidence indicates that shallow bag-of-words models outperform complex deep networks on many unsupervised similarity tasks. Introducing the concept of an optimal representation space, we provide a simple theoretical resolution to this apparent paradox. In addition, we present a straightforward procedure that, without any retraining or architectural modifications, allows deep recurr...

This paper focuses on improving a specific opinion spam detection task, deceptive spam. In addition to traditional word form and other shallow syntactic features, we introduce two types of deep level linguistic features. The first type of features are derived from a shallow discourse parser trained on Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), which can capture inter-sentence information. The second type ...

This article proposes a method of Semantic Role Labelling for languages with no reliable deep syntactic parser and with limited corpora annotated with semantic roles. Reasonable results may be achieved with the help of shallow parsing, provided that features used for training such shallow parsers include both lexical semantic information (here: hypernymy) and syntactic information.

The Surface Realisation (SR) Task was a new task at Generation Challenges 2011, and had two tracks: (1) Shallow: mapping from shallow input representations to realisations; and (2) Deep: mapping from deep input representations to realisations. Five teams submitted six systems in total, and we additionally evaluated human toplines. Systems were evaluated automatically using a range of intrinsic ...

We report the observation of narrower structures in the yellow luminescence of bulk and thin-film n-type GaN, using the technique of selective excitation. These fine structures exhibit thermal quenching associated with an activated behavior. We attribute these fine structures to phonons and electronic excitations of a shallow donor-deep acceptor complex, and determine its activation energy for ...