We report the transfer of the sternal part of the pectoralis major to the lower pole of the scapula in 15 patients with winged scapula. At follow-up after 1 to 16 years nine had a satisfactory result and were gainfully employed, though in four of these re-operation had been necessary. Two patients had fair results; the transplant functioned, but they had limited voluntary control. Four were fai...

Background: Breast Surgery is becoming more and common. Patients are often middle-aged women with high public awareness around issues of breast cancer. The numbers increasing. surgery an exceedingly common procedure associated increased incidence acute chronic pain. Regional anesthesia techniques may improve postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing surgery. Objective: To assess the effi...

BACKGROUND Shoulder complaints in scaffolders are very common and may result in permanent disability. METHODS We present two case reports of patients who developed acute shoulder complaints. After lifting weights up to 50 kg both patients suffered an isolated lesion of the long thoracic nerve resulting in serratus anterior paralysis. RESULTS Physical signs are unilateral winging of the scap...

METHODS Recruitment patterns and latencies were determined by the electromyographic activity of the scapular stabilizer muscles (trapezius and serratus anterior) during shoulder elevation in the scapular plane. Isokinetic measures of muscular performance were determined by the antagonist/agonist work ratios of the medial (MR) and lateral rotators (LR) obtained with the dynamometer Biodex at spe...

Background. Sprengel's deformity is a rare congenital anomaly of the shoulder girdle. The deformity is due to failure of descent of the scapula in intrauterine life. Case Presentation. We report a case of unilateral Sprengel's deformity associated with several other musculoskeletal and renal disorders consisting of absence of pectoralis major, weakness of trapezius and serratus anterior muscles...

PURPOSE: Multiple studies demonstrate that traditional submuscular tissue expander coverage offers the best protection against implant exposure but restricts lower pole expansion. Recognizing these limitations, the authors present a pectoralis major splitting approach for complete submuscular coverage in high-risk patients or those with ischemic mastectomy skin flaps. The pectoralis major muscl...

After apparently uncomplicated excision of benign lesions in the posterior cervical triangle, two patients had shoulder pain. In one, neck pain and trapezius weakness were not prominent until one month after surgery. Inability to elevate the arm above the horizontal without externally rotating it, and prominent scapular displacement on arm abduction, but not on forward pushing movements, highli...

The present manuscript aims at identifying patterns of electrical activity recorded from neurons of the leech nervous system, characterizing specific behaviors. When leeches are at rest, the electrical activity of neurons and motoneurons is poorly correlated. When leeches move their head and/or tail, in contrast, action potential (AP) firing becomes highly correlated. When the head or tail suck...