 Findings from recent studies (1-3) have highlighted the potential for antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV by reducing an HIV-positive person’s viral load.  Prevention experts are concerned that active promotion of “treatment as prevention” may undermine the benefits of widespread antiretroviral use by contributing to treatment optimism and increasing risk behaviours (4).  The limited numb...

Currently, the only diagnostic test available routinely for the sero-diagnosis of BFDV is the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay. This test, whilst useful and applicable to samples from a wide range of psittacine birds, is not an ideal assay; it requires erythrocytes from live animals, virus purified from the feathers of infected birds and polyclonal antibody preparations in order to perfo...

A sero-prevalence survey of Toxoplasmosis in domestic animals (camels, cattle, sheep and goats) was conducted in the Benadir region of Somalia from January to July 2014 to determine the status of the disease. A total of 151 sera were tested, 64 camels; 28 cattle; 29 sheep and 30 goats, for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Totally about 15.9% (24...

Background: Population based sero-epidemiological studies help us to determine the burden of COVID-19 infection at community level and monitor trends in transmission SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antibody sero-positivity indicates extent spread given population forms basis for strengthening public health mitigation measures. The present study was carried out with objective conducting serosurvey Nagpur ...

a total of 332 birds including 149 sparrows, 147 doves and 36 pigeons were examined for toxoplasma infection by both direct agglutination for detecting antibodies to toxoplasma and direct parasitological test to detect the cyst of toxoplasma in the brain of birds. the toxoplasma sero-positive rate (spr) in the examined birds was 10.5 percent (27 cases) with titers of 1:40 or higher and spr in e...

without any doubt, road safety (rs) needs a precise planning in road accident prevention. rs effects on different fields of the life. therefore, response to this need in order to promote the rs as well as to save more lives is the most asset in each country. in the recent years, statistics have been shown that the numbers of mortalities due to road crashes decreased. this shows the true motion ...

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This paper studies the analysis of reductio ad absurdum by Ibn Sı̄nā (known to the Latin West as Avicenna), who was born in 980 in a village near the Bactrian town of Balkh on the Silk Road, and died in 1037 after a career spent moving around within the present boundaries of Iran. References to Ibn Sı̄nā’s writings are to his Arabic texts listed in the bibliography, and are given in the format pa...