Component infrastructures such as Enterprise JavaBeans, Micorosoft’s COM+ and CORBA Components have become a de-facto standard for enterprise applications. Reasons for this success are the clean separation of technical and functional concerns, COTS containers (applications servers), and the resulting well-defined programming model and standardization. To benefit from these advantages in the dom...

In the spirit of Chapter 2, this is an unsystematic treatment of scattered topics which are related to topics discussed for reversible chains, but where reversibility plays no essential role. Section 1 treats constructions of stopping times with various optimality properties. Section 2 discusses random spanning trees associated with Markov chains, the probabilistic elaboration of \the matrix-tr...

Transonic buffet is an unsteady flow phenomenon that limits the safe flight envelope of modern aircraft. Scale-resolving simulations with span-periodic boundary conditions are capable providing new insights into its physics. The present contribution shows co-existence multiple modes unsteadiness over unswept laminar-flow wing section, appearing in following order increasing frequency: (a) a low...

Background: In the continuum-discretized coupled-channel method, a breakup cross section (BUX) is obtained as an admixture of several components different channels in multichannel scattering.Purpose: Our goal to propose approximate way decomposing discretized BUX into each channel. This approximation referred ``probability separation (P separation).''Method: As example, we consider $^{11}\mathr...

The genus Silene includes 98 species in Iran, with 35 endemic to the Iranian plateau (26 species for Iran). The Iranian species are placed in 21 sections. In this article, the most important characteristics for the separation of the sections, relationships between the sections, and an identification key for the sections in Iran are presented. For each section a distribution map is provided. The...