Recent statistics indicate that in 2005 the world consumed about 0.5 ZJ (ZJ = 10 Joules) of energy. If one assumes that the future world population stabilizes at 10 billions, and the people consume a similar amount of energy per capita to that of the people in the presently developed countries, the world will need about 2 ZJ a year. A recent survey of the available future energy resources indic...

I n response to energy security and environmental concerns, the U.S. is collaborating with nine other countries to develop fourth-generation nuclear reactor technology, which is intended to be safer than current reactors, be available at lower total cost, and incur financial risks no greater than those for other energy technologies. In this article, we discuss the financial risks for new nuclea...

Fungal and bacterial microbes are known to mimic mammalian cytochrome P450 metabolism. Traditionally, microbial biotransformation screening and small scale-ups (<1 liter) are performed in shake-flask reactors. An alternative approach is the use of hollow fiber cartridge (HFC) reactors. The performance of HFC reactors is compared with shake-flask reactors using diclofenac as a model substrate. A...

Multiphase impeller stirred tank reactors enhance mixing of reacting species used in a variety of chemical industries. These reactors have been studied based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) that can be used in the analysis, design and scale up of these reactors. Most of the researches done in this area are limited to single phase reactors, and a few remaining two phase flow investigat...

The anaerobic treatability of malt whisky distillery wastewater was investigated. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments were conducted both with and without basal medium (BM) to observe the effect of nutrient supplementation. For batch reactors containing no nutrients but only NaHCO3, net total gas production at the end of 29 days were observed as 0.019 m 3 gas/kg COD removed. With nu...

Continuous-flow nanocatalysis based on metal nanoparticle catalyst-anchored flow reactors has recently provided an excellent platform for effective chemical manufacturing. However, there has been limited progress in porous structure design and recycling systems for metal nanoparticle-anchored flow reactors to create more efficient and sustainable catalytic processes. In this study, traditional ...

The effect of sonochemical reactors (SCR) technology upon the degradation of reactive yellow dye has been studied and reported here. Sonochemical reactors (ultrasound irradiation) produce strong cavitation in aqueous solution causing shock wave and reactive free radicals by the violent collapse of the cavitation bubble. These effects should contribute to destruction as well as the decomposition...

Foreword 1. There is no safe level of radiation exposure. 2. It is unsafe to transport radioactive materials. 3. Uranium resources are too limited. 4. Uranium mining is environmentally damaging and unsafe. 5. The nuclear fuel cycle emits vast amounts of greenhouse gases. 6. Nuclear power is too expensive to build, operate and decommission. 7. Nuclear power reactors take too long to build. 8. Nu...