Abstract A seawater reverse osmosis (RO) plant layout based on multistage RO with stages located at different elevations above sea level is described. The uses the weight of a column from pumped storage as head pressure for (gravity-driven RO) or to supplement high-pressure pumps used in (gravity-assisted RO). use gravitational force reduces specific energy compared using pumps. By locating dem...

Electricity demand is increasing worldwide due to the advancements in lifestyle, technology, and increased population. Governments are facing common challenges generate electricity from low-cost clean energy resources. Water desalination, air-conditioning, lighting main sectors that consume a significant amount of with great Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Many countries' water shorta...