Species diversity change, and therefore compositional changes in a biota, may be associated with changes at any of three ecological evels, involving the number of provinces within the biosphere, of communities within provinces, and of species represented within communities. Pleistocene sea level changes did not much affect the marine biosphere at any ecological level. An analysis of an extensiv...

We investigate how well the 1975-1992 sea level interannual variability in the tropical Pacific is captured by dynamic height from temperature profiles. For each temperature profile, a surface dynamic height relative to 300 m is estimated, assuming a constant temperature-salinity relationship. After multiplication by a latitudinally varying factor and the removal of a seasonal cycle, the dynami...

This paper proposes an automatic, essentially domainindependent means of evaluating Spoken Language Systems (SLS) which combines software we have developed for that purpose (the "Comparator") and a set of specifications for answer expressions (the "Common Answer Specification", or CAS). The Comparator checks whether the answer provided by a SLS accords with a canonical answer, returning either ...

Seaweed has long been used in the Japanese and Chinese diet. In 600 B.C., Sze Teu wrote in China, "Some algae are a delicacy fit for the most honored guests, even for the King himself." Some 21 species are used in everyday cooking in Japan, six of them since the eighth century. Seaweed accounts for some 10% of the Japanese diet and seaweed consumption reached an average of 3.5 kg per household ...

ON 16 DECEMBER 1gg 1, I gave the seventh Sol M. Malkin Lecture in Bibliography on “The Future of Rare Book Libraries” at the School of Library Service (SLS) ,Columbia University.” (In assessing this honor, bear in mind that I am the person principally responsible for selecting Malkin Lecturers.) The Book Arts Press published the first six Malkin Lectures as separate pamphlets, most of them eleg...

The hypothesis that caves in the Florida Peninsula are tied to Quaternary sea levels was proposed by hydrogeologists, without data, some 40 years ago. The hypothesis is a version of glacial control of cave levels, which is the logical combination of the water-table theory of speleogenesis and the concept that base level positions the water table. At the USA type example of glacial control of ca...

one of the difficulties in using absolute altitudes is the separation between the mean open sealevel and geoid. theoretically, geoid is the base level in absolute altitudes, but practically, the mean open sealevel is used as a base level for absolute altitudes. the difference between these two levels is called as the seasurface topography. in this research, it is dealt the mean sea level modeli...