number of spatial competitors (Supplemental information). These 'indicators' appeared stable up to 2006 but have decreased abruptly since. Mean percentage cover by encrusting fauna was >26% before 2006 and has been <23% since (%cover significantly decreased with increased ice scour; one-way ANOVA, F = 3.9, p = 0.011). The major space occupiers, bryozoans, dominated this assemblage in terms of r...

Every year a large number of bridges flooding in the river just when they most need them there destroy all born. Carried out. In this study, the four fulcrum forms a semi-circular, trapezoidal, rectangular edges rounded rectangle 90 degrees at 70 degrees in Sagittarius with four different discharges depth of constant scouring around the abutment in pure water were examined. For material of flum...

Local scour around a submarine piggyback pipeline in combined waves and current is investigated experimentally. Based on the experimental results, evolution morphology are firstly analyzed. Then, comparison with equilibrium depth Seq between present data predicted results conducted. After that, correlation dimensionless timescale T* maximum Shields parameter ?cw investigated, formula obtained t...

Scour is one of the main causes bridge failures resulting in significant macro-economic impacts, often beyond direct costs infrastructure damage. Given pressure to increase resilience transport networks, ageing infrastructure, constrained budgets, variable knowledge asset conditions and limited data, mixed ownership operation bridges, concerns about risks climate change, there a need implement ...

Numerous models have been proposed in the past to predict maximum scour depth around bridge piers. These studies all focused on different parameters that could affect and model accuracy. One of main individuated is critical velocity approaching flow. The present study aimed at investigating effect equations determine flow accuracy for estimating Here, 10 estimation equations, which include as o...