The classical Black–Scholes hedging strategy of a European contingent claim may require rapid changes in the replicating portfolio. One approach to avoid this is to impose a priori bounds on the variations of the allowed trading strategies, called gamma constraints. Under such a restriction, it is in general no longer possible to replicate a European contingent claim, and super-replication is a...

In this paper, a set of functions were constructed that transforms Black-Scholes partial differential equation into weak formulations. The analytical solutions: existence, uniqueness and other estimates also obtained in form with the use boundary conditions to establish effects its financial implications Sobolev spaces. regularity problem considered which coefficients, domain are all smooth fun...

The double barrier option is characterized by pay-off with strike K, maturity T, upper Su and lower Sd barrier levels and the corresponding rebates φu and φd which can be time dependent. We divide last four quantities by strike K and introduce new variables x = ln(S/K), xu = ln(Su/K), xd = ln(Sd/K). The value of European double barrier call option U(t, x) satisfies the extended Black-Scholes eq...

This paper introduces the notion of option pricing in the context of financial markets. The discrete time, one-period binomial model is explored and generalized to the multi-period binomial model. The multi-period model is then redeveloped using the sophisticated tools of martingale theory. The paper concludes with a brief extension of the results to continuous time, giving a heuristic derivati...