foam injection is becoming a standard conditioning agent when tunnelling with an earth-pressure balanced shield, resulting in an increasing interest in this technique. the technique is mostly based on empirical rules and experience. to be able to determine what foam and how may foam has to be injected for different soils, it is necessary to know the mechanical parameters of the foam-water-soil ...

there are limitations in experimental studies on sand-gravel mixtures due to the small size of testingspecimens. due to this problem, many researchers have worked on prediction of the shear strength of mixture by testingthe sandy fraction of soil alone and developed empirical relationships. most of the previous relationships have beendetermined for low surcharge pressures in which particle brea...

This paper describes simulation studies using the public domain version of the DYNA3D hydrocode of the torsion test, which by definition is a 3 dimensional test. The mesh resolution required to resolve the stress system and the general shear deformation within the gauge length of the specimen has been investigated. Furthermore the simulations have been compared in detail with experiments in ter...