BACKGROUND Incidence density sampling is typically the least biased efficient method for control sampling in nested case-control studies. However, in studies of genetic variants and prostate cancer progression, some argue that controls should be sampled from men who did not progress by end of follow-up. Thus, we examined the validity of relative risk (RR) estimates of prostate cancer progressio...

Milk flow parameters at udder and quarter levels were studied in relation to somatic cell count (SCC) and other risk factors for mastitis (bimodality, duration of decline, and duration of overmilking phase). Thirty-eight Holstein cows in their first to sixth lactations were investigated during 10 mo of lactation. Monthly milk samples were collected for SCC during morning milking. Quarter and ud...

Several species of animals, particularly corvids, will sample from a collection of items before making a decision. There is an expected trade-off between investing effort in making better choices and increased exposure to risk. Little is known about individuals’ consistency in sampling behavior and whether it covaries with other behavior traits. Risk-taking and neophobia are documented componen...

Known words can guide visual attention, affecting how information is sampled. How do novel words, those that do not provide any top-down information, affect preschoolers' visual sampling in a conceptual task? We proposed that novel names can also change visual sampling by influencing how long children look. We investigated this possibility by analyzing how children sample visual information whe...

The thermoelectric response of amorphous, semiconducting Y–Ba–Cu–O thin films was investigated by illumination with 150 ps optical pulses at 1064 nm and with a continuous wave at 493 nm ~argon laser!. The measured unbiased voltage response was consistent with pyroelectricity. At high pulse energies, the voltage response saturated due to the saturation of the spontaneous polarization. The pulsed...

The goal of this paper is to explore the power of genetic algorithms, in particular the so called micro genetic algorithms, to solve a challenging problem in experimental physics. The problem is to find an optimum frequency to stabilize atoms by high-intensity laser fields. The standard approach to search for optimal laser parameters has been by trial and error. This is the first known applicat...

From classical charge transport equations and dipole radiation equations, we derive a simple analytical model for the signal detected in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy using photoconducting antennas. The validity of our model is checked by comparison to published calculated results and to experimental data we have measured. This expression depends mostly on the carrier lifetime in the anten...

This paper demonstrates how the extended duration calculus [4] can be used to support the approach to documentation of computer systems presented by in [1]. This approach uses the general concept of mathematical relations to specify properties, while the calculus of durations provides the means to reason about such specifications, and in particular, prove formally that a design implies the requ...

The goal of this paper is to explore the power of stochastic search methods, in particular genetic algorithms, to solve a challenging problem in experimental physics. The problem is to find an optimum frequency to stabilize atoms by high-intensity laser fields. The standard approach to search for optimal laser parameters has been by trial and error. This is the first known application of a gene...

STUDY OBJECTIVES To examine the joint effect of insomnia and objective short sleep duration on hypertension risk. DESIGN Representative cross-sectional study. SETTING Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 1,741 men and women randomly selected from central Pennsylvania. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS Insomnia was defined by a complaint of insomnia with a duration > or = 1 year, while poor s...