purpose : recession is the main surgical procedure in correction of eye deviation in duane’s syndrome. we evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of this type of strabismus instead of surgery or before it. methods : three patients with duane’s syndrome type i and one patient with type ii were selected at poostchi eye clinic from patients who diagnosed primarily and h...

A boy with intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, dysostosis of the skull, hypoplastic facial bones, labiogingival retraction, agenesis of the clavicles, distal aphalangia, and severely hypoplastic thumbs and halluces is described. The features are consistent with the Yunis-Varon syndrome. Review of published reports shows this to be a generalised disorder with variable manifestations i...

nelson's syndrome is usually characterized by hyperpigmentation, elevated level of acth, and pituitary adenoma, which is frequently available as macroadenoma. it is usually occurred in the patients suffering from cushing's syndrome. growth of tumor has been revealed in 10-30% of the patients following adrenalectomy. tumors are often benign in nelson's syndrome. the selected treat...

The silent sinus syndrome (SSS) involves painless facial asymmetry and enophthalmos, which is the result of chronic maxillary sinus atelectasis. In most cases, it is diagnosed clinically, however, using the characteristic imaging features including maxillary sinus outlet obstruction, sinus opacification, and sinus volume loss caused by inward retraction of the sinus walls. Obstruction of the ma...

This article reviews symptoms and signs of aberrant axon connectivity in humans, and summarizes major human genetic disorders that result, or have been proposed to result, from defective axon guidance. These include corpus callosum agenesis, L1 syndrome, Joubert syndrome and related disorders, horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis, Kallmann syndrome, albinism, congenital fibrosis of ...

Retraction This article [1] has been retracted by the Editor. Although the patient's legal guardian originally gave consent for publication of the case and accompanying images, we were informed that they withdrew this consent shortly after publication. The article is no longer available online in order to protect patient confidentiality. Novel two-stage surgical treatment for Cantrell syndrome ...