Background: The most appropriate route of tranexamic acid administration is controversial. In the current study, we compared the efficacy of intravenous (IV) and topical intra-articular tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and transfusion rate in patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty. Methods: One hundred twenty 120 patients were scheduled to undergo primary total knee arth...

Of several newer delivery systems under development and investigation for the administration of opioids, the intranasal route has received a substantial amount of attention. Intranasal administration is a convenient form of delivery that is applicable to several opioids. It has the potential for self-administration, combined with a rapid onset of action, allowing for patient-controlled analgesi...

Galanin-like peptide (GALP) shows potential as a therapeutic in the treatment of obesity and related conditions. In this study, we compared the uptake by brain regions and peripheral tissues of radioactively iodinated GALP (I-GALP) after intranasal (i.n.), i.v., and i.c.v. administration. I-GALP was stable in blood and brain during the 10-min study time regardless of route of administration, an...

objective: the influence of cholinergic drugs on lithium-induced statedependent learning has been investigated in adult male mice. method: a single-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task was selected. the drugs used in the study were lithium chloride physostigmine , nicotine hydrogen tartrate and scopolamine hydrobromide, atropine sulphate. the drugs were administrated through the peritoneal...

Recombinant adenoviruses (Ad) are among the most extensively used vectors for liver gene transfer. One of the major limitations for the clinical application of these vectors is the inflammatory immune response associated with systemic administration of high dose of virus. We evaluated the effect of Ad administration route on the inflammatory immune response and liver transgene expression. We co...

RATIONALE Emergency Department visits and fatalities in which (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or (+)methamphetamine (METH) are involved frequently feature unregulated hyperthermia. MDMA and METH significantly elevate body temperature in multiple laboratory species and, most importantly, can also produce unregulated and threatening hyperthermia in nonhuman primates. A majority of p...

Aspirin is an irreversible and non-selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase. It represents the cornerstone of antiplatelet therapy and is used in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Disagreement over the optimal maintenance dosage still exists; in America and Europe the most used doses of aspirin are 81 mg and 100 mg daily, respectively. There is also debate on the formulation and rou...

OBJECTIVES To characterize the distribution of linezolid in lung when it accesses this organ from the systemic circulation and when administered through the pulmonary route and to evaluate the influence of the 'respiratory mode' in the pulmonary distribution for both routes. METHODS The study was conducted with 24 Wistar rats divided into four groups treated with linezolid under different exp...