taking off in low cloud ceilings. When flying IFR, pilots rely on navigation instruments in conjunction with instructions from air traffic control agencies issuing clearances for routes and altitudes. In congested areas, air traffic controllers essentially “steer” aircraft using radar vectoring. To ensure an orderly flow of traffic, most phases of flight must follow a track, or flight path, tha...

T he article by Fragou et al (1), in this month’s Critical Care Medicine, provides compelling evidence that the routine use of ultrasound guidance increases the safety of central venous access by the subclavian route. In this cohort of critical care patients, cannulation was achieved in 100% of patients in the ultrasound group as compared with 87.5% in the landmark arm. Access time and the numb...

This paper proposes a route choice analytic method that embeds cumulative prospect theory in evolutionary game theory to analyze how the drivers adjust their route choice behaviors under the influence of the traffic information. A simulated network with two alternative routes and one variable message sign is built to illustrate the analytic method. We assume that the drivers in the transportati...

The automobile industry has become a communication tool facilitating the movement of people as well as providing a means of transport. In particular, car navigational systems that support safe and comfortable driving are becoming more and more sophisticated. When a car navigation system was first put into practical use, its function was only to display maps using a CD-ROM. Later, however, techn...