In the present paper, the different techniques used for the determination of changes of surface stress of solid electrodes, as well as the kind and quality of information that can be achieved using these methods are discussed. The most important methods are briefly reviewed and advantages/drawbacks highlighted. Special attention is paid to issues related to the use of the “bending beam” (“bendi...

According to the direct homogenization theory of inhomogeneous material, a single medium homogenization constitutive model of the confined concrete in the steel box-concrete combined member has been established, and model parameters have been determined by the measured data of the bending test. By analyzing the theoretical ultimate strength and overall process curve, the results obtained is con...