The fine roots of trees are concentrated on lateral branches that arise from perennial roots. They are important in the acquisition of water and essential nutrients, and at the ecosystem level, they make a significant contribution to biogeochemical cycling. Fine roots have often been studied according to arbitrary size classes, e.g., all roots less than 1 or 2 mm in diameter. Because of the siz...

this study was carried out in the general commission for scientific agricultural research (gcsar) at der ez zour agricultural research center, during 2009- 2010 growing seasons. the role of na+, k+, na+/k+, carbohydrates accumulation of leaves, and sugar content of roots on the osmotic adjustment was studied in 10 sugar beet genotypes (five were monogerms and five were multigerms), under salini...

background and objectives: hyoscyamus reticulatus contains two distinguished tropane alkaloids, hyoscyamineand scopolamine and both of the compounds possesspotential acute or chronic toxicity. in the present study, a simple and efficient transformation system was established for in vitro hairy roots induction in hyoscyamus reticulatus. methods: effect of different factors including agrobacteriu...

Penetration, development, and reproduction of a virulent 'Harmony' population of Meloidogyne arenaria was studied on two nematode-resistant grape rootstocks 10-17A and 6-19B. 'Cabernet Sauvignon' was used as a susceptible control for comparison. Plants were inoculated with 100 freshly hatched second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. arenaria. Greater numbers of J2 penetrated roots of 'Cabernet' than 1...

Roots of hardwoods have been shown to be more vulnerable to xylem cavitation than stems. This study examined whether this pattern is also observed in a conifer species. Vulnerability to cavitation was determined from the pressure required to inject air into the vascular system of hydrated roots and stems, and reduce hydraulic conductance of the xylem. According to the air-seeding hypothesis for...

"l]fis paper reports on a new statistical approach to machine aided translation of terminology bank. The text in the bank is hyphenated and then dissected into roots of 1 to 3 syllables. Both hyphenation and dissection are done with a set of initial probabilities of syllables and roots. The probabilities are repeatedly revised using an EM algorithm. Alter each iteration of hyphenation or dissec...

Transgenic tobacco roots offer a potential alternative to leaves for monoclonal antibody (MAb) production. A possible method for extraction of MAbs from roots is by homogenization, breaking the roots into fragments to release the antibody. This process was assessed by shearing 10 mm root sections ("roots") in a 24 mL ultra-scale down shearing device, including an impeller with serrated blade ed...

The influence of salinity on the different polyamine fractions (free, conjugated, and bound) was compared in a natrophilic halophyte (Beta vulgaris L. cv. IC) and a salt sensitive glycophyte (Nicotiana rustica L. cv. Basmas). Low-level salinity (25 mM NaCl) and high salinity (150 and 50 mM NaCl for sugar beet and tobacco, respectively) were supplied in hydroponics. Under low salinity shoot dry ...

Many species create biogenic habitat that may vary in quality depending on its attributes. This variation may in turn affect species interactions among members of the attendant community. We describe a habitat-provisioning species that, with variation in a simple trait, produces dichotomous classes of habitat: one that serves as a predation refuge and the other that does not. Subtidal roots of ...

We previously showed that applying 10(-6) M of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to uninoculated roots of Masym3, a Nod(-)Myc(-)Melilotus alba (Desr.) mutant, resulted in the accumulation of MaENOD40 transcripts to levels similar to BAP-treated wild-type roots. In contrast, inoculation with a Nod(-)S. meliloti mutant expressing the trans-zeatin synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (...