Rice is a staple food and one of the most crucial crops globally, providing sustenance for more than half world's population. Climate change has impact on agricultural sector, particularly rice cultivation, due to increase in abiotic stress incidences. Salinity severe stresses production globally. Salt significantly reduces growth performance, affecting various metabolic physiological processes...

An experimental study has been carried out to characterize bubble formation, growth, and detachment mechanisms in a stagnant liquid column. Both bubble frequency and bubble detachment size were measured in different gas flow rates, injector diameters and orientations, submergence height, and liquid properties. Experiments were performed for air injection flow rate ranges between 200 mlph and 12...

Scour around hydraulic structures is an inevitable phenomenon . Recognition of this phenomenon and dealing with it is an issue considering which will ensure the project success . Local scour at piers has been reported as the most important factor in the destruction of the bridges . The use of submerged and non-submerged piles is one of the scour control methods . Submerged piles have been rarel...