Tamias umbrinus Allen, 1890, a medium-sized chipmunk commonly called the Uinta chipmunk, is 1 of about 25 species of extant chipmunks. It is distributed in the western United States from southern Montana south to Arizona and from Colorado west to eastern California. T. umbrinus prefers montane and subalpine coniferous forest at elevations between 1,417 and 3,660 m. The species is listed as ‘‘Le...

...................................................................................................................................... I Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... II Nomenclature .................................................................................................................

Mailing Address: Viviane Tiemi Hotta • Unidade Clínica de Miocardiopatias do InCor/FMUSP. Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: viviane.hotta@grupofleury,com,br; [email protected] Manuscript received August 27, 2014; revised manuscript January 10, 2015; accepted January 12, 2015.

The NTP lifetime rodent bioassay (LRB) is the "gold standard" for predicting human carcinogenicity. Unfortunately, little attempt has been made to validate it against human carcinogenicity. Here we show that the extremely limited data available do not support either of the two common interpretations of LRB results. If a risk-avoidance interpretation is used where any positive result in a sex/sp...