In addition to several hundred microRNAs, C. elegans produces thousands of other small RNAs targeting coding genes, pseudogenes, transposons, and other noncoding RNAs. Here we review what is currently known about these endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), providing an overview of their biogenesis, their associated protein factors, and their effects on m...

Modified RNA molecules have recently been shown to regulate nervous system functions. This mini-review and associated mini-symposium provide an overview of the types and known functions of novel modified RNAs in the nervous system, including covalently modified RNAs, edited RNAs, and circular RNAs. We discuss basic molecular mechanisms involving RNA modifications as well as the impact of modifi...

Investigation of noncoding RNAs is in rapid progress, especially regarding translational repression by small (short) noncoding RNAs like microRNAs with 20-25 nucleotide-lengths, while long noncoding RNAs with nucleotide length of more than two hundred are also emerging. Indeed, our analysis has revealed that a long noncoding RNA transcribed from cyclin D1 promoter of 200 and 300 nucleotides exe...

هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی مقایسه اثربخشی گروه درمانی شناختی – رفتاری و ذهن ­آگاهی مبتنی بر شناخت کاهش رفتارهای پرخطر در معتادان ترک افیونی صورت گرفت. روش: روش این شبه آزمایشی طرح پیش آزمون پس همراه کنترل است. جامعه­ی آماری شامل کلیه افراد وابسته به مواد مراجعه کننده مرکز اعتیاد شبکه بهداشت درمان شهرستان سرپل ذهاب نیمه اول سال 1396 بود، نمونه­ گیری دسترس تعداد 36 نفر تشخیص وابستگی اساس معیاره...

Environmental or growth conditions are constantly influencing the development and ma‐ turation of organisms. To ensure precise control of gene expression under these normal as well as stress conditions, organisms developed very accurate molecular regulatory mechanisms at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Key roles of small noncod‐ ing RNAs (miRNAs and siRNAs) in regulation of gene...

RNAi is a conserved mechanism in which small RNAs induce silencing of complementary targets. How Argonaute-bound small RNAs are targeted for degradation is not well understood. We show that the adenyl-transferase Cid14, a member of the TRAMP complex, and the uridyl-transferase Cid16 add non-templated nucleotides to Argonaute-bound small RNAs in fission yeast. The tailing of Argonaute-bound smal...

A large set of endogenous small RNAs of predominantly 21 to 24 nucleotides was identified in Arabidopsis. These small RNAs resembled micro-RNAs from animals and were similar in size to small interfering RNAs that accumulated during RNA silencing triggered by multiple types of inducers. Among the 125 sequences identified, the vast majority (90%) arose from intergenic regions, although small RNAs...

Y RNAs constitute a family of highly conserved small noncoding RNAs (in humans: 83-112 nt; Y1, Y3, Y4 and Y5). They are transcribed from individual genes by RNA-polymerase III and fold into conserved stem-loop-structures. Although discovered 30 years ago, insights into the cellular and physiological role of Y RNAs remains incomplete. In this review, we will discuss knowledge on the structural p...

The antigenic variation of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and Coxsackie B5 virus (CB5) has been examined at the molecular level by analysing the protein and nucleic acid of the virus particles. The tryptic peptides of carboxymethylated 35S-methionine labelled virus particles were very similar, although some minor differences were apparent. Competition hybridization experiments confirmed t...