The speed of protein synthesis determines the growth rate of bacteria. Current biochemical estimates of the rate of protein elongation are small and incompatible with the rate of protein elongation in the living cell. With a cell-free system for protein synthesis, optimized for speed and accuracy, we have estimated the rate of peptidyl transfer from a peptidyl-tRNA in P site to a cognate aminoa...

We demonstrate a two-step data analysis method to increase the accuracy of single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) experiments. Most current smFRET studies are at a time resolution on the millisecond level. When the system also contains molecular dynamics on the millisecond level, simulations show that large errors are present (e.g., > 40%) because false state assignment beco...

Two new perfluorophenylene-bridged bis(dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]phosphole)s have been synthesized and their photophysical and redox properties have been investigated via static/dynamic fluorescence spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and DFT calculations. The photophysical studies revealed an interesting intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) occurring between the two identical dithienophospho...

Site-specific modification of RNA is of great significance to investigate RNA structure, function and dynamics. Recently, we reported a new method for sequence- and cytosine-selective chemical modification of RNA based on the functional group transfer reaction of the 1-phenyl-2-methylydene-1,3-diketone unit of the 6-thioguanosine base incorporated in the oligodeoxynucleotide probe. In this stud...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequency of pathogenic mtDNA transfer RNA mutations and deletions in biochemically demonstrable respiratory chain (RC) deficiencies in paediatric and adult patients. METHODS We screened for deletions and sequenced mitochondrial transfer RNA genes in skeletal muscle DNA from 225 index patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of a mitochondrial disorder and with bio...

The rate of RNA synthesis in a stringent strain of Escherichia coli was measured before and during amino acid deprivation. Upon amino acid deprivation the rate of RNA synthesis rapidly fell to 30% of the control rate and did not significantly change from that value upon prolonged starvation. The composition of RNA synthesized during amino acid deprivation was investigated by hybridization-compe...

The discovery of RNA catalysis provided a paradigm shift in biology, insight into the evolution of life on the planet and a challenge to understand its mechanistic origins. RNA has limited catalytic resources that must be used to maximal effect. Consequently, RNA catalysis tends to be multifactorial, with several processes contributing to an overall significant enhancement of reaction rate. The...

1. After treatment of immature rats with diethylstilboestrol, the wet weight and RNA content of uterine tissue increased rapidly, reaching a peak at 40hr. After an initial lag of a few hours, the acid-soluble ribose and protein contents also rose to maxima at 40hr. No increase in DNA content occurred until at least 24hr. after treatment. 2. The RNA from immature rat uterus isolated at various t...

The complete resolution of the initiation and transfer factors of wheat embryo supernatant is described. Two factors function in chain initiation, as ascertained by (a) their requirement for the formation of a ribosome-messenger RNA complex whose capacity for ammo acid incorporation is insensitive to aurintricarboxylic acid; and (b) their participation in the tobacco mosaic virus RNA-dependent ...

Macromolecular information transfer can be defined as the process by which a coded monomer sequence is communicated from one macromolecule to another. In such process, kept identical, transformed into complementary or even translated different molecular language. Such mechanisms are crucial in biology and take place DNA→DNA replication, DNA→RNA transcription RNA→protein translation. fact, there...