Hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) was studied by using mono- and bidentate p-cymene ruthenium(ii) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes as catalyst precursors. In water, all complexes were found to be reduced in situ to form ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) with a high hydrogenation activity. In organic solvents, complexes with monodentate NHC ligands also formed nan...

Stair pressurization systems are designed to create a smoke-proof barrier, preventing the ingress of smoke into staircases within buildings. In tall buildings over 25 m, evacuation strategies can utilize phased or simultaneous evaluation multiple storeys. This paper examines performance stair with differing number doors open starting from two doors, an incremental step up total 10 shaft. Simula...

The membranes of kidney cells of 3-spined sticklebacks were examined in freeze-etch replicas. The numbers of particles adhering to surfaces and fracture faces of the outer cell membranes and the membranes of the basal labyrinth were determined. The latter membranes probably are the main location of ion-transporting enzyme complexes. The total number of particles per cell in freshwater fish exce...

Assessment of the annual radon concentration is often required in indoor surveys territories and individual dwellings for comparison with reference levels, studying factors affecting accumulation dwellings, assessment exposure epidemiological studies, etc. The were carried out multistorey buildings eight Russian cities using solid state nuclear track detectors an period three months. For these ...