Public services should be equally accessible to all users. Conversely, service users vary individually in terms of physical ability and experience in using the services. These individual differences have been a cause of a growing digital divide. The recent progress made in information technology has also provided more job and learning opportunities for those with disabilities, thus enhancing th...

The occurrence of temporary stock-outs at retail is common in frequently purchased product categories. Available empirical evidence suggests that when faced with stock-outs, consumers are often willing to buy substitute items. An important implication of this consumer behavior is that observed sales of an item no longer provide a good measure of its core demand rate. Sales of items that stock-o...

OBJECTIVE To determine vending strategies and marketing themes employed by itinerant bus vendors, and assess the accuracy and completeness of information provided on medicines being sold in an urban setting in Nigeria. METHODS Cross-sectional study and content analysis of itinerant vending of medicines inside buses recorded with a mobile telephone on purposively selected routes in a mega city...

Software testing is an integral part of the software development cycle. Software testing involves designing a set of test cases. In white box testing, test cases are usually designed based using path testing. The basis path testing approach involves generation of test cases from a set of independent paths. Each test case is forced to execute a certain test path of the control flow graph. Some c...

Purpose This study aims to gain a first explorative view on what intrinsic/extrinsic attributes generic cup for hot beverage should possess be perceived as eco-friendly, and how some of could influence consumers’ purchase decision willingness pay (WTP) that dispensed by vending machines (VMs). Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire was developed in 2021 sent all students an Italian univers...

We introduce a new micropayment scheme, suitable for certain kinds of transactions, that requires neither online transactions nor trusted hardware for either the payer or payee. Each payer is periodically issued certified credentials that encode the type of transactions and circumstances under which payment can be guaranteed. A risk management strategy, taking into account the payers’ history, ...

Today statecharts are a de facto standard in industry for modeling system behavior. Test data generation is one of the key issues in software testing. This paper proposes an reduction approach to test data generation for the state-based software testing. In this paper, first state transition graph is derived from state chart diagram. Then, all the required information are extracted from the sta...