purpose : to determine the maximum non-toxic dose of recombinant human erythropoietin (epo) in rabbit eyes methods : eight rabbits (sixteen eyes) were scheduled for evaluating side effects of four intravitreal doses of 1000, 2000, 4000 and 5000 iu of epo, two rabbits for each dose. for each dose (two rabbits), the drug was injected for the right eyes. balanced salt solution (bss) was injected i...

Retinal toxicity as a result of antimalarial therapy has been reported for many years. Retinopathy may be divided into reversible premaculopathy and irreversible true retinopathy. Risk factors for the development of toxicity are daily dosage related to body weight, total drug dosage and the specific drug used. The daily dosage of chloroquine should not exceed 4 mg/kg lean body weight a day. Exc...

Ingestion of the rat poison N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenylurea (PNU) produced ocular toxicity in three humans and in an animal model, the Dutch Belted rabbit. The electroretinogram b wave was especially susceptible to the effects of the rodenticide, and the target tissue appeared to be the retinal pigment epithelium. Injection of PNU itself did not produce ocular toxicity. The poison had to...

Chloroquine was used as a prophylactic agent against malaria, and more recently mild immunosuppressive. However, due to lengthy treatment periods, adverse effects have become apparent, which included retinopathy. The structurally related hydroxychloroquine is less toxic, thought be owing lower tissue accumulation in melanin rich areas. This study primarily focused on quantifying binding between...

PURPOSE The effects of amiloride on cellular toxicity caused by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in mouse primary retinal cells were investigated. METHODS Primary retinal cell cultures were maintained using glial conditioned medium. Commercial tPA and L-arginine were added, and the level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic-GMP) in the culture supernatant was assessed using an ELISA as...

This work involves the evaluation of UV blocking efficiency of commercially available intraocular lens (IOL) materials using a retinal cell culture and a biological in vitro model that was developed in a previous study, as an effort to examine the sensitivity of this in vitro approach for evaluating toxicity of UV radiation on the retinal pigment epithelial cells. The human retinal pigment epit...

The visual system is a potential target for methylmercury (MeHg) intoxication. Nevertheless, there are few studies about the cellular mechanisms of toxicity induced by MeHg in retinal cells. Various reports have indicated a critical role for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation in modulating MeHg neurotoxicity in cerebellar and cortical regions. The aim of the present study is to describe the...

Pathological angiogenesis is the most common cause of blindness at all ages including retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. Despite advances in therapy, retinopathy of prematurity remains the most sight-threatening vaso-proliferative retinopathy in children. Herein, we demonstrated that rosmarinic acid has an anti-angiogenic activity to retinal ...

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) plays crucial roles in retinal neovascularization (NV) by upregulating its target genes, which are involved in anaerobic energy metabolism, angiogenesis, cell survival, cell invasion, and drug resistance. Therefore, it is apparent that the inhibition of HIF-1 activity may be a strategy for treating retinal angiopathies. Many efforts to develop new HIF-1-target...

We reviewed the literature on ornithine supplementation and related topics. Nutritionists and physicians have reported that ornithine supplementation is useful. Paediatricians and biochemists have reported that ornithine is supplemented for NH3 detoxification in the hyperornithinaemia–hyperammonaemia–homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome. In contrast, ophthalmic researchers have reported retinotoxic...