The basal ganglia, especially the ventral striatum, have been implicated in control of action based on motivation1,2,3,4. A prevalent view is that nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons carry reinforcement signals to modulate the cortico-striatal signal transmissions5,6,7. However, it is still unknown how such reinforcement signals affect the output of the striatum in relation to behavior. To answe...

Peripheral venous cannulation is a common invasive procedure. Fracture of an intravenous cannula rare and under-reported complication peripheral cannulation. Embolization the fragment into central system potentially fatal. Urgent surgical retrieval, which performed through transverse or longitudinal incision, treatment choice. We herein present use Z-plasty incision for retrieval retained fract...

Penetrating injuries of face are not uncommon. Bullets or pallets may be lodged anywhere in the cavities of skull as a result of firearm injury. Lodgment of a bullet within the orbit through nose is uncommon. An eighteen 18 years old married woman sustained a bullet injury, which entered through lateral wall of the nose and lodged at left orbital apex area. The bullet was removed endoscopically...

Fragment-based drug design (FBDD) is considered a promising approach in lead discovery. However, for a practical application of this approach, problems remain to be solved. Hence, a novel practical strategy for three-dimensional lead discovery is presented in this work. Diverse fragments with spatial positions and orientations retained in separately adjacent regions were generated by deconstruc...

ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION COMPARISON, FORENSIC ANALYSIS: WEIGHING BULLET LEAD EVIDENCE 1 (2004) [hereinafter cited as NRC REPORT]; FBI National Press Office, National Academy of Sciences Releases FBI-commissioned Study on Bullet Lead Analysis, Feb. 10, 2004, available at http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel04/bullet021004.htm (“[s]ince the early 1980's this technique has been used in approximately ...

BACKGROUND We report the peculiar case of a patient with a retained large epidural catheter fragment, incidentally found 12 years after its placement. Our primary aim is to emphasize how the breakage and retention of even exceptionally large portions of this device can go undetected. The patient can be completely asymptomatic and, with no clue that such a foreign body exists, the presentation o...

Gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the spine used to be a rare event, but with the increase of small arm intercity trauma, GWSs have increased to account for 13 to 17% of all spine injuries.1 The classic patient is a 30-year-old man from a low-income background who got into a fight and ends up in the hospital after being shot with a pistol.2 Most of these injuries cause devastating harm. The extent of in...

BACKGROUND Stray bullet shootings contribute to a sense of risk in affected communities but have rarely been studied. We describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of stray bullet shootings in the United States. METHODS We defined a case as a shooting event involving death or injury to a person and meeting criteria for a stray bullet mechanism of injury. From March 1, 2008, to February 28...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Lead poisoning, also Saturnism, results from chronic lead poisoning, common after occupational exposure. Projectiles retained in the body may result in increased levels of plasma lead with numerous clinical implications, particularly neurological. We report a case of a symptomatic patient, undiagnosed, whose diagnosis was made during the preanesthesia evaluation. CAS...