with the introduction of communicative language teaching, a large number of studies have concerned with students’ oral participation in language classrooms. although the importance of classroom participation is evident, some language learners are unwilling to engage in oral activities. this passivity and unwillingness to participate in language classroom discussions is known as “reticence”. rev...

Ephedra is a dioecious shrub belongs to the Ephedraceae family. Almost all commercial applications of Ephedra extracts is derived from the ephedrine alkaloids found in the evergreen stems. The purpose of this study was to investigate seed germination in green house condition and total alkaloid and ephedrine amounts measurement. The Ephedra seeds were collected from Bojnoord region and germinate...

the present study sought to investigate the impact of using mind-mapping technique instruction on female elementary efl learners reading comprehension; it also investigated their attitudes towards using mind-mapping technique as a tool to improve their reading comprehension. this study followed a quasi-experimental design with two intact groups as experimental, and control groups. the participa...

abstract the main purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was any significant difference between the speaking achievement of learners who were trained by means of consciousness raising of sociolinguistic skills and that of learners who were trained without the above mentioned task. the participants of this study consist of 60 intermediate level students participating languag...

In order to evaluate the effect of seed priming on some effective physiological parameters on seed germination of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under chilling stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments were consisted of priming treatments (hydropriming, halopriming, osmopriming and no priming) and temperature (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 ˚c)....

the methods which are used to analyze microstrip antennas, are divited into three categories: empirical methods, semi-empirical methods and full-wave analysis. empirical and semi-empirical methods are generally based on some fundamental simplifying assumptions about quality of surface current distribution and substrate thickness. thses simplificatioms cause low accuracy in field evaluation. ful...

abstract previous studies on willingness to communicate (wtc) have shown the influence of many individual or situational factors on students’ tendency to engage in classroom communication, in which wtc has been viewed either at the trait-level or situational level. however, due to the complexity of the notion of willingness to communicate, the present study suggests that these two strands are ...

The main purpose of this research was to evaluate how duration and priming method may affect the germination and growth of cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum L.). The study was carried out in 3 replication by using a randomized completely block (RCB) design. The experimental treatments included: control, [hydro-priming in two durations of 24 and 48 h], [osmo-priming (0.2% of KNO3 in 24 and 48 h, 0.3% ...