In this study, dimmer-acid-based hybrid nonisocyanate polyurethanes (HNIPUs) were synthesized by the one-step method without catalyst. Three polyamines and two epoxy resins were selected as raw materials for HNIPU, and cyclic carbonate was synthesized based on our previous work. All of the products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calor...

Phenolated lignosulfonate was introduced into the synthesis of phenolic resol with phenol and formaldehyde in an alkaline condition. The modified resol was successfully applied to prepare phenolic foam using appropriate combinations of flowing agents. N-pentane was found to be suitable as the foaming agent. Sulphuric acid (50% aqueous solution, w/w) and Tween-80 were used as catalyst and surfac...

Rapid depletion of fossil fuel and increased energy demand has initiated a need for an alternative energy source to cater for the growing energy demand. Fuel cells are an enabling technology for the conversion of sustainable energy carriers (e.g., renewable hydrogen or bio-gas) into electrical power and heat. However, the hazardous raw materials and complicated experimental procedures used to p...

The use of improved GMA-Quetol 523 or GMA-Quetol 523 methyl methacrylate (MMA) mixture as an infiltration medium for the histochemical demonstration of glycogen has been devised to facilitate embedding, sectioning and staining. An improved method of infiltration uses such mixtures with a double weight of QCU-1 as a catalyst. Since the double weight of catalyst prevents interference by bleeding ...

BACKGROUND 1, 5-Benzodiazepines have been investigated extensively by organic chemists due to their medicinal and pharmacological properties. These compounds are synthesized by condensation of o-phenylenediamines with carbonyl compounds in the presence of acid catalysts. OBJECTIVES During our studies on the application of silica resin with acid functional moieties, we found that SiO2/H2SO4 mi...

Sulfonated carbonaceous material useful as a solid acid catalyst was prepared from lignosulfonate, a waste of the paper-making industry sulfite pulping process, and characterized by 13C-NMR, FT-IR, TGA, SEM and elemental analysis, etc. The sulfonic acid group density and total density of all acid groups in the sulfonated carbonaceous material was determined by titration to be 1.24 mmol/g and 5....

This work deals with kinetics and chemical equilibrium studies of esterification reaction of ethanol with acetic acid.  The esterification reaction was catalyzed by an acidic ion exchange resin (Amberlyst-15) using a batch stirred tank reactor. The pseudo-homogenous and Eley-Rideal models were successfully fitted with experimental data. At first, Eley-Rideal model was examined for heterogeneous...

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biosourced green plastic derived from natural sources that can replace polyolefins in many applications; however, it seldom recycled. PLA prime candidate for chemical recycling by depolymerization, which produces valuable commodity chemicals and/or fresh monomer new production, compared to mechanical/thermal reprocessing lesser-quality resin. A scalable, low-cost de...

Abstract The recycling method for thermal decomposition of photovoltaic modules is a that can completely remove EVA, which sealing material, and neatly separate the cells glass. However, most back sheets are made PET, if they simply thermally decomposed, large amount complex bonded carbides (“soot”) generated. We succeeded in suppressing generation soot by heating resin components such as PET m...