The opportunity cost of the capital invested in pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) to bring a new drug to market makes up as much as half the total cost. However, the literature on the cost of pharmaceutical R&D is mixed on how, exactly, one should calculate this "hidden" cost. Some authors attempt to adopt models from the field of finance, whereas other prominent authors dismiss thi...

Executive Summary Until very recently, global military R&D had been in decline for some time, in terms of overall spending. The main reason was the end of the Cold War, which led to a virtual collapse in the former Soviet Union and substantial reductions in many other countries. This left the United States as the largest spender worldwide by a large margin. Increases in US spending in the late ...

While there is widespread consensus on the need both to change the prevailing research and development (R&D) paradigm and provide the community with an efficient way to personalize medicine, ecosystem stakeholders grapple with divergent conceptions about which quantitative approach should be preferred. The primary purpose of this position paper is to contrast these approaches. The second object...

Health research that seeks the participation of patients requires ethical and administrative clearances through the NHS research governance process. This is a two-stage process which involves a central Research Ethics Committee (REC), and Research and Development (R&D) at specific Trusts. Reflection is undertaken from a researcher’s perspective on their experience of negotiating NHS research go...

JGN-X(Japan Gigabit Network eXtreme) is High Speed Advanced Testbed Network for Research and Development (R&D), which is operated by NICT (National Institute of Information and Communication Technology). At 1999, JGN had started as first generation of the testbed. JGN had updated as JGN2(second generation), JGN2plus(third generation), continuously. At 2011, JGN-X had started as fourth generatio...

This study empirically investigates the effect of foreign ownership on research and development (R&D) investment based on firm-level panel dataset for the period 2000-2008 taken from the Basic Survey of Japanese Business Structure and Activities. The results reveal the following. First, the “integration effect” on R&D is negative for domestic or foreign majority ownership. Second, although the ...

We study the effects of labor intensive health care within a research and development (R&D) driven growth model with overlapping generations. Health care increases longevity, labor participation, and productivity, while it also diverts labor away from production and R&D. We examine under which conditions expanding health care enhances growth and welfare and establish mild conditions under which...