The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cortical excitability are usually inferred from indirect indexes, such as EMG responses. It has now become possible to directly evaluate rTMS impact by means of concurrent EEG recording. The aim of this study was to examine the modulation induced by high frequency rTMS (20 Hz) over left primary motor cortex on the ongoing osc...

The potential uses for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the study of learning and memory range from a method to map the topography and intensity of motor output maps during visuomotor learning to inducing reversible lesions that allow for the precise temporal and spatial dissection of the brain processes underlying learning and remembering. Single-pulse TMS appears to be adequate to e...

BACKGROUND Cognitive functions were assessed before and following a course of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with depression participating in a sham-controlled, randomized trial of rTMS as adjunct to antidepressant treatment. METHOD Forty-one medicated inpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of a depressive episode were consecutively randomly assigned to 1 of 3 gro...

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive procedure whereby a pulsed magnetic field stimulates electrical activity in the brain. Anxiety disorders are the most common of all mental health problems for which effective, mechanism-based treatments remain elusive. Consequently, more advanced non-invasive therapeutic methods are required. A possible method to modulate bra...

In order to investigate the transcallosal effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), we studied median somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) before and after applying monophasic very low-frequency (0.2 Hz) subthreshold rTMS over the right motor cortex. For SEPs, median nerve was stimulated on each side. Sham rTMS served as the control. Twelve healthy subjects participated ...

Chronic high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has recently received increasing interests as a therapeutic procedure for neurodegenerative diseases. To identify the metabolism mechanism underlying the improving effects of rTMS, we observed that high frequency (25Hz) rTMS for 14 days could reverse the decline of the pe...

BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) holds promise for treating generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) but has only been studied in uncontrolled research. AIMS This is the first randomised controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01659736) to investigate the efficacy and neural correlates of rTMS in GAD. METHOD Twenty five participants (active n = 13; sham, n = 12) enr...

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is thought to facilitate brain plasticity. However, few studies address anatomical changes following rTMS in relation to behaviour. We delivered 5 weeks of daily pulsed rTMS stimulation to ephrin-A2 (-/-) and wildtype mice (n=10 per genotype) undergoing a visual learning task and analysed learning performance, as well as spine density, in the ...

Pal, Pramod Kr., Ritsuko Hanajima, Carolyn A. Gunraj, Jie-Yuan Li, Aparna Wagle-Shukla, Francesca Morgante, and Robert Chen. Effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on interhemispheric inhibition. J Neurophysiol 94: 1668–1675, 2005. First published May 4, 2005; doi:10.1152/jn.01306.2004. We studied the effects of 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rT...