With a dependence on finite natural resources, increasing energy demands and increasing environmental problems, the use of renewable resources becomes even more important. This is one part of a sustainable development. The ultimate source of most of our renewable energy supplies is the sun. The world’s primary energy use is easily exceeded by the solar energy by a factor of about 10000 [1]. The...

    Project scheduling   Net present value   We consider a project scheduling problem with permitted tardiness and discrete time/resource trade-offs under maximum net present value objective. In this problem, a project consists of a set of sequential phases such that each phase contains one or more sub-projects including activities interrelated by finish-start-type precedence relations with a t...

Energy is a significant cost in the economics of desalinating waters, but water scarcity is driving the rapid expansion in global installed capacity of desalination facilities. Conventional fossil fuels have been utilized as their main energy source, but recent concerns over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have promoted global development and implementation of energy minimization strategies and ...

The main problem today is the shortage of energy and environmental pollution. These problems can be avoided by employing renewable energy schemes. The most common renewable energy resources include Wind Energy, Tide Energy, Solar Energy, Hydrogen Energy, Bio Energy, Terrestrial Heat Energy and Thermal Energy and so on. Pakistan is affluent in almost all these resources especially in Thermal Ene...

In an interconnected power system, as a power load demand varies randomly both area frequency and tie-line power interchange also vary. The objectives of load frequency control (LFC) are to minimize the deviations in these variables (area frequency and tie-line power interchange) and to ensure their steady state errors to be zero. In this area of energy crisis, renewable energy is the most prom...

In response to The Rio Agenda 21 and The Kyoto Protocol, Taiwan government has formulated important policies and set up implementation guidelines for national sustainable development over the past few years. This paper presents the policies and strategies that Taiwan has endeavored to pursue environmental, social, and economic sustainability. In transportation sector, some important undertaking...

This paper starts out from the optimistic assumption that the basic policies for environmental economic development are known but uncertainties surround the speed of their adoption. In many developing countries the key obstacle is poor governance: consequently, renewable resources continue to be mined, non-renewable resources are depleted irresponsibly, and reductions in pollution intensity lag...

O ONE OF THE MOST FORMIDABLE tasks facing humanity at the moment is how to solve the problems associated with energy supply and utilization. The issues are complex, to be sure, and they’re compounded by seemingly confl icting objectives involving cost, sustainability, reliability, environmental soundness, free markets, and an energy supply that is accessible to all—anytime. Because there’s spec...

Now a day‟s electricity is most needed facility for the human being. All the conventional energy resources are depleting day by day. So we have to shift from conventional to non-conventional energy resources. In this the combination of two energy resources is takes place i.e. wind and solar energy. This process reviles the sustainable energy resources without damaging the nature. Renewable ener...