Introduction: In the field of orthopedic surgery, highly impact journals like Journal of Bone and Surgery (JBJS-Am) and Clinical orthopedics and Related Research (CORR) publishing the LOE for their manuscript. JBJS-Am started to publish the level of evidence (LOE) for all manuscript since 2013. Results:310 articles were reviewed. Country of origin for these, were twelve different countries incl...

Hepatic injury in association with naproxen therapy is described and documented by liver biopsy in one patient. Histological findings were consistent with a drug-induced hepatitis, and cessation of therapy led to reversal of the clinical and biochemical changes. Circumstantial evidence is in favour of a hypersensitivity response to the drug rather than direct hepatotoxicity. Increased awareness...

A 27 year old man had attacks of violence for three years before he died in 1945. Necropsy revealed multiple cavernous angiomata of the brain. This man's daughter died in 1969 at the age of 28 years after a year of intermittent headaches. Necropsy showed a large cavernous angioma in the right temporal lobe. Until now the literature has contained only scanty circumstantial evidence for a familia...

The activity of the Arabidopsis heat shock transcription factor (HSF) is repressed at normal conditions but activated by cellular stresses. Circumstantial evidence suggests that HSP70 may function as a negative feedback regulator of HSF activity. Here the interaction between HSF and HSP70 is reported using electrophoretic mobility shift and yeast two-hybrid assays. Subdomain mapping indicates a...

Considering web service composition (WSC) has increasingly become a significant practice in SOA implementations, WSC-based SOA projects would be particularly worth more attention. However, effort estimation for WSC-based SOA implementations may suffer from challenges because of the numerous and various approaches to WSC. This paper proposes circumstantial-evidence-based effort judgement as a su...

In 1989, a forensic biochemist giving evidence at an inquest in the UK claimed that he was aware of a number of deaths of young people with diabetes that were related to human insulin. The case generated considerable press interest and led the British Diabetic Association to commission a survey of all such deaths in the UK. The resulting publication identified a number of patients with a simila...

The effects of gamma hydroxybutyrate, a coma inducing recreational drug, are described and illustrated by case reports of five patients presenting to accident and emergency (A&E). All had depressed levels of consciousness. There was strong circumstantial evidence of gamma hydroxybutyrate ingestion in all cases, and laboratory evidence in two. All recovered and supportive treatment. gamma Hydrox...

Although it is a fact that the operating theatre environment is contaminated by anaesthetic gases which are taken up by the body tissues of theatre personnel, and although for the past 10 years and more there have been investigations of the consequences for health, there is still no direct evidence that this contamination is a health hazard. However, there is much indirect and circumstantial ev...

Public choice theory takes citizens as rationally ignorant about political issues, because the costs of being informed greatly exceed the utility individuals derive from it. The costs of information (supply side) as well as the utility of information (demand side), however, can vary substantially depending on the political system under which citizens live. Using survey data from the European Un...