According to numerous recent cross-national studies of public support for democracy, citizens of both well-established and newer democracies continue to share a strong commitment to the ideals and principles of representative democracy. Paradoxically, however, these same citizens are increasingly ‘critical’ of and ‘dissatisfied’ with the performance of their national democratic institutions. On...

Philosophers of science increasingly recognize the importance of idealization: the intentional introduction of distortion into scientific theories. Yet this recognition has not yielded consensus about the nature of idealization. e literature of the past thirty years contains disparate characterizations and justifications, but little evidence of convergence towards a common position. Despite th...

It was established beyond the shadow of a doubt [in the early 1960s] that the individual who is involved in automobile accidents, regardless of whether he appears to cause them or not, is much more likely to have accidents in the future than is the person who is accident free. These studies embraced probably well over 1 million cases in the aggregate. Note that I have just referred to accidents...

Reductions in provider reimbursement rates for Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries are frequently used to contain public health care spending both at the national and the state level. However, reimbursement cuts also lower the profitability of providing services to beneficiaries, which may lead providers to cut back on doctors, nurses, and other key inputs for the production of health care qual...

Potential impacts from two methods of changing prescription drug ingredient reimbursement in the Wisconsin Medicaid program were estimated. Current reimbursement amounts were compared with those resulting from either direct prices for eight manufacturers' products and average wholesale price less 10.5 percent for other products or wholesaler cost plus 5.01 percent for all products. The resultin...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the trend of catastrophic health expenses (CHE) for inpatient care in relation to the commencement of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) in rural China from 2003 to 2013, and the roles of NCMS in protecting affected households from CHE. METHODS We assessed the 10-year trend of the incidence and severity of CHE in rural households with hospitalised members using da...

The diffusion of new technology is significantly affected by coverage and reimbursement decisions. A variety of agencies (public and private) make decisions as to which technologies or treatments will be covered and what the levels of reimbursement will be. Recently, these agencies' coverage decisions have tended to be strongly affected by whether a technology is cost raising or cost reducing. ...

BACKGROUND National prescription databases are important tools in pharmacoepidemiological studies investigating potential long-term adverse events after drug use. Palivizumab is a biological pharmaceutical used as passive prophylaxis against severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus in high-risk children. OBJECTIVE To assess the registration of palivizumab in the Danish National Presc...

The humanitarian crisis significantly affects the provision of medical and pharmaceutical care to PWD, makes it difficult predict its availability affordability. It was established that despite military actions in Ukraine, reimbursement system is experiencing both negative positive trends. Negative trends are : an increase drug prices, amount patient co-payments, a decrease number glucose-lower...