Numerous studies from recent years and going back decades suggest that post-secondary students are failing to sufficiently improve their critical thinking (CT) skills during undergraduate (Abrami et al., 2015; Arum & Roksa, 2011; Huber Kuncel, 2016). Meanwhile, institutions have increasingly embraced CT as a core competency educational outcome. Several demonstrated measurable within-semeste...

The authors of this article consider Western teaching and learning alongside Confucian teaching and learning through reviewing the literature. The paper emphasizes that we must teach lower order thinking skills first before we teach higher order thinking skills, and confirms that rote learning and memorization precede critical thinking and creativity. It further confirms Brookfield’s theory tha...