The design of European two–axle freight wagons can be traced back to the 1890’es. It has been and still is widely used in Europe because it is simple, rugged and cheap in price and maintenance. The internationally approved suspension for two–axle freight wagons in Europe is known as the UIC standard suspension (see Fig. 1). Each wagon has four of these suspensions. They consist of a leaf spring...

As the number of freight trains on railway networks increases, so does the potential for vibration exposure in dwellings nearby to freight railway lines. Nocturnal trains in particular are of particular importance since night-time exposure may interfere with sleep. The present work investigates the impact of vibration and noise from night-time freight trains on human sleep. In an experimental p...

Logistics centers are important facilities which served possible transportation methods together and carried out activities in harmony with each other such as transportation, storage, handling, distribution, consolidation, customs clearance, sorting, import, export transit transactions, insurance banking, infrastructure services, consultancy production, etc. Due to the continuous demand for fre...

......................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction and Background ........................................................................................................ 6 Overview of the Freight System ..............................................................................................

This paper presents a dynamic-economic model analyzing the fluctuation of container freight rate due to the interactions between the demand for container transportation services and the container fleet capacity. The demand for container transportation services is derived from international trade and is assumed exogenous. The container fleet capacity increases with new orders made two years ago,...

Research on freight transportation has seen a tremendous increase in the last decades, yet it lags behind that on passenger travel, particularly at a macro-level suitable for nation-wide policy analysis. A key challenge in freight demand modeling is the availability of data on key drivers of demand such as cost, time, and trip length which usually is proprietary and expensive. Moreover freight ...

Freight transportation is an important pathway for the introduction and dissemination of exotic forest insects (EFI). Identifying the Þnal destination of imports is critical in determining the likelihood of EFI establishment. We analyzed the use of regional freight transport information to characterize risk of urban and periurban areas to EF

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Road freight transportation is a major contributor to carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Reducing these emissions in transportation route planning requires an understanding of vehicle emission models and their inclusion into the existing optimization methods. This paper provides a review of recent research on green road freight transportation.

introduction: fish salting is a traditional method of processing in most countries including iran. there are different methods of salting which can be used for producing different salted products. there is variation in the amount of salt used in the salting process depending on the context of use.salting was done simultaneously with salt penetration into the muscles of fish and water dripping o...