Cystography, performed in 26 out of a total of 33 consecutive neonates with imperforate anus, revealed primary vesicoureteric reflux in 12 cases. The reflux was usually pronounced, and was particularly common in females and in infants with urinary tract infections. The incidence of reflux was unrelated to the severity of the anorectal anomaly, and reflux was often demonstrated in patients in wh...

Vesico ureteral reflux is the abnormal retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and possibly the kidney. There are 2 types of reflux: Primary reflux – which is caused by a congenital abnormality at the ureterovesical junction Secondary reflux – occurs when high pressure in the bladder causes a breakdown of the normal antireflux mechanism at the ureterovesical junction that occu...

Reflux disease can cause multiple disorders not only of the esophagus but also of the upper aerodigestive tract. In the last decade, an association between reflux disease and multiple head and neck diseases was described, including those of the larynx and pharynx as well as those of the nose, the sinuses and the middle ear. The present article summarizes these different diseases and possible pa...

Results of continuous 12 hour overnight pH monitoring (duration of pH less than 4) were reviewed in 112 patients with heartburn or regurgitation, or both, and in 56 normal subjects. Patients had more reflux than normal subjects. Medically controlled patients (n = 51) had less acid reflux than patients who subsequently underwent reflux surgery (n = 61), but there was a considerable overlap betwe...

Objectives of the study: The individuals with laryngopharyngeal reflux are prone for aspiration of refluxed contents and so there is a need for aerodynamic evaluation in these individuals. Hence, the present study investigated the aerodynamic characteristics in individuals with Laryngopharyngeal reflux. Study design: Prospective control group design. Method: Thirty laryngopharyngeal reflux subj...

AIMS To determine the value of squamous mucosal histology in the assessment of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. METHODS Sixty six patients with reflux symptoms underwent endoscopy with oesophageal biopsy, manometry, and 24 hour oesophageal pH testing. The following histological features were assessed in squamous mucosa: the degree of basal cell hyperplasia, the degree of papi...

The precise mechanisms whereby gastro-oesophageal reflux disease causes reflux oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus are not clear, even though these diseases have been known to be linked for many years. Recent studies indicate a role for the reflux-induced inflammatory response of oesophageal squamous epithelial cells and the immune cells in the pathogenesis of reflux oesophagitis. Although re...

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Some disadvantages of these acid- suppressing drugs circulate and patients ask for alternatives. Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) are important cause of reflux. Gastric distension in upper stomach are strongest stimulus for generation of TLESRs and is aggravate...

Approximately a third of patients with suspected gastro-oesophageal reflux disease are resistant or partial responders to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Many of these patients do not have gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, but suffer from functional heartburn or dyspepsia. The potential mechanisms underlying failure of PPI treatment in patients with reflux-related symptoms include persistence o...

The gastroesophageal reflux presence in asthma has been the subject of many studies indicating their frequent coexisting. The essence of this correlation is not entirely clear and several hypotheses can be found in literature. Recently defined laryngopharyngeal reflux and studies on its impact on the course of asthma seem to bring us closer to understanding this issue. In the last years we gain...