This paper examines the experimental results that reveal the referential behavior of children and how they navigate the complexity and quantity of structure in recursive NPs. Modification introduces complexity in the syntax and the semantics of noun phrases. Recursive modification, in particular, seems heavily constrained in the speech of children. We explore the source of children’s difficulty...

We introduce an extension of the propositional logic of single-conclusion proofs by the second order variables denoting the reference constructors of the type “the formula which is proved by x.” The resulting Logic of Proofs with References, FLPref, is shown to be decidable, and to enjoy soundness and completeness with respect to the intended provability semantics. We show that FLPref provides ...

The main objective of the paper is to show that for an adequate analysis of an item’s information status in spoken language two levels of givenness have to be investigated: a referential and a lexical level. This separation is a crucial step towards our goal to arrive at the best possible classification of nominal expressions occurring in natural discourse which reflects our understanding of al...

This paper details how folklore notions of hygiene and referential transparency of R5RS macros are defeated by a systematic attack. We demonstrate syntax-rules that seem to capture user identi ers and allow their own identi ers to be captured by the closest lexical bindings. In other words, we have written R5RS macros that accomplish what commonly believed to be impossible. We build on the the ...

We introduce the problem of referential creativity: how it is that a person can give a word or phrase a new denotation even though she has never heard or used in that way before. Using real examples that we have collected, we focus on the case of semantic type coercion, where a phrase of a given type is used in a textual context that requires a completely different type yet the intended message...

To apply the quotation from Tupper with which Dr. Still begins his book, there is much of the " clear-running wine of conviction," with but little of the " scum and lees of speculation," and the convictions expressed here are so definitely based upon facts observed as to be in their turn convincing. Dr. Still has brought to the study of paediatrics an industry and enthusiasm which would have ca...

Methods Using neutral models and mid-domain effect models, we simulated species spread in a spatially explicit array of grid cells representing the Atlantic Forest domain. We compared empirical patterns of species richness and composition with predictions of the neutral and mid-domain effect models. We also modeled individual species responses to climatic conditions and forest integrity, a meas...

The solution for the referential integrity problem is mainly addressed into what the useful information is. Thus, in contrast with the usual heuristics extracted from the problem domain, the novel approach of our research is to formally model the way to explain what the useful information is. We find that (i) the fewer attributes with more truth perform better than as many as possible attribute...

At first glance, the predicate [be] missing appears to be an ordinary verb of absence 4 to be analyzed along the lines of Quine (1956) or more recent implementations and 5 alternatives.1 On closer inspection, though, this particular specimen turns out to give 6 rise to some surprising semantic complexity – which is what the present note is about. 7 As always with referentially opaque verbs, one...