In the present paper a bicriterial optimal control problem governed by a parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) and bilateral control constraints is considered. For the numerical optimization the reference point method is utilized. The PDE is discretized by a Galerkin approximation utilizing the method of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). POD is a powerful approach to derive reduced...

The Penman-Monteith formulation of evaporation has been criticised for its reliance upon point estimates so that areal estimates of wetland evaporation based upon single weather stations may be misleading. Typically, wetlands comprise a complex mosaic of land cover types from each of which evaporative rates may differ. The need to account for wetland patches when monitoring hydrological fluxes ...

UNLABELLED Tumor standardized uptake values (SUVs) vary with the interval between 18F-FDG injection and image acquisition. This paper presents a simple method using a single reference point to make appropriate time corrections for tumor SUVs. METHODS The reference point method was algebraically deduced from observations made by Beaulieu et al., who found that tumor SUVs behaved linearly over ...

A particularly important form of token-reflexive symbol is found in the tenses of verbs. The tenses determine time with reference to the time point of the act of speech, i.e., of the token uttered. A closer analysis reveals that the time indication given by the tenses is of a rather complex structure. Let us call the time point of the token the point of speech. Then the three indications, ‘befo...

Standard choice theory assumes choice to be independent of the point of reference. Based on a number of studies which challenge this assumption, Tversky and Kahneman have proposed a reference-dependent model which captures the in ̄uence of reference points on individual choice. If choice is reference-dependent, switching the reference point so that it is ®rst dominated by x and then by y increas...

maximum power point tracking controller is essential to obtain the maximum power from a solar array in the photovoltaic systems as the pv power module varies with the temperature and solar irradiation. in this paper, several methods for the mppt of the pv systems are discussed and it can to be used as a helpful reference for the upcoming mppt user in the pv applications.

OBJECTIVE To localize the site of motor points within human biceps brachii muscles through surface mapping using electrophysiological method. METHOD We recorded the compound muscle action potentials of each lattice of the biceps brachii in 40 healthy subjects. Standardized reference lines were made as the following: 1) a horizontal reference line (elbow crease) and 2) a vertical reference lin...

There is a recent debate on whether prospect theory can explain the disposition effect. Using both theory and simulation, this paper shows that prospect theory often predicts the disposition effect when lagged expected final wealth is the reference point under the principle of preferred personal equilibrium, regardless of whether the reference point is updated or not. When initial wealth is the...